Ideal (set theory)

Ideal (set theory)

In the mathematical field of set theory, an ideal is a collection of sets that are considered to be "small" or "negligible". Every subset of an element of the ideal must also be in the ideal (this codifies the idea that an ideal is a notion of smallness), and the union of any two elements of the ideal must also be in the ideal.

More formally, given a set "X", an ideal on "X" is a nonempty subset "I" of the powerset of "X", such that:
# if "A" ∈ "I" and "B" ⊆ "A", then also "B" ∈ "I", and
# if "A","B" ∈ "I", then "A"∪"B" ∈ "I".

Ideals in the set-theoretic sense are exactly ideals in the order-theoretic sense, where the relevant order is set inclusion. Also, they are exactly ideals in the ring-theoretic sense on the Boolean ring formed by the powerset of the underlying set.

Terminology

An element of an ideal "I" is said to be "I-null" or "I-negligible", or simply "null" or "negligible" if the ideal "I" is understood from context. If "I" is an ideal on "X", then a subset of "X" is said to be "I-positive" (or just "positive") if it is "not" an element of "I". The collection of all "I"-positive subsets of "X" is denoted "I"+.

Examples of ideals

General examples

*For any set "X" and any arbitrarily chosen subset "B" ⊆ "X", the subsets of "B" form an ideal on "X".
*The finite subsets of any set "X" form an ideal on "X".

Ideals on the natural numbers

*The ideal of all finite sets of natural numbers is denoted Fin.
*The "summable ideal" on the natural numbers, denoted mathcal{I}_{1/n}, is the collection of all sets "A" of natural numbers such that the sum sum_{nin A}frac{1}{n+1} is finite.
*The "ideal of asymptotically zero-density sets" on the natural numbers, denoted mathcal{Z}_0, is the collection of all sets "A" of natural numbers such that the fraction of natural numbers less than "n" that belong to "A", tends to zero as "n" tends to infinity. (That is, the asymptotic density of "A" is zero.)

Ideals on the real numbers

*The "measure ideal" is the collection of all sets "A" of real numbers such that the Lebesgue measure of "A" is zero.
*The "meager ideal" is the collection of all meager sets of real numbers.

Ideals on other sets

*If λ is an ordinal number of uncountable cofinality, the "nonstationary ideal" on λ is the collection of all subsets of λ that are not stationary sets. This ideal has been studied extensively by W. Hugh Woodin.

Operations on ideals

Given ideals "I" and "J" on underlying sets "X" and "Y" respectively, one forms the product "I"×"J" on the Cartesian product "X"×"Y", as follows: For any subset "A" ⊆ "X"×"Y",:Ain I imes Jiff {xin X|{y|langle x,y anglein A} otin J}in IThat is, a set is negligible in the product ideal if only a negligible collection of "x"-coordinates correspond to a non-negligible slice of "A" in the "y"-direction. (Perhaps clearer: A set is "positive" in the product ideal if positively many "x"-coordinates correspond to positive slices.)

An ideal "I" on a set "X" induces an equivalence relation on "P"("X"), the powerset of "X", considering "A" and "B" to be equivalent (for "A", "B" subsets of "X") if and only if the symmetric difference of "A" and "B" is an element of "I". The quotient of "P"("X") by this equivalence relation is a Boolean algebra, denoted "P"("X") / "I" (read "P of "X" mod "I").

To every ideal there is a corresponding filter, called its "dual filter". If "I" is an ideal on "X", then the dual filter of "I" is the collection of all sets "X" "A", where "A" is an element of "I". (Here "X" "A" denotes the relative complement of "A" in "X"; that is, the collection of all elements of "X" that are "not" in "A".)

Relationships among ideals

If "I" and "J" are ideals on "X" and "Y" respectively, "I" and "J" are "Rudin–Keisler isomorphic" if they are the same ideal except for renaming of the elements of their underlying sets (ignoring negligible sets). More formally, the requirement is that there be sets "A" and "B", elements of "I" and "J" respectively, and a bijection φ : "X" "A" → "Y" "B", such that for any subset "C" of "X", "C" is in "I" if and only if the image of "C" under φ is in "J".

If "I" and "J" are Rudin–Keisler isomorphic, then "P"("X") / "I" and "P"("Y") / "J" are isomorphic as Boolean algebras. Isomorphisms of quotient Boolean algebras induced by Rudin–Keisler isomorphisms of ideals are called "trivial isomorphisms".

References

*cite book|last=Farah|first=Ilijas|series=Memoirs of the AMS|publisher=American Mathematical Society|year=2000|month=November|title=Analytic quotients: Theory of liftings for quotients over analytic ideals on the integers


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем сделать НИР

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Ideal (order theory) — In mathematical order theory, an ideal is a special subset of a partially ordered set (poset). Although this term historically was derived from the notion of a ring ideal of abstract algebra, it has subsequently been generalized to a different… …   Wikipedia

  • Ideal (ring theory) — In ring theory, a branch of abstract algebra, an ideal is a special subset of a ring. The ideal concept allows the generalization in an appropriate way of some important properties of integers like even number or multiple of 3 . For instance, in… …   Wikipedia

  • Set theory of the real line — is an area of mathematics concerned with the application of set theory to aspects of the real numbers. For example, one knows that all countable sets of reals are null, i.e. have Lebesgue measure 0; one might therefore ask the least possible size …   Wikipedia

  • Internal set theory — (IST) is a mathematical theory of sets developed by Edward Nelson which provides an axiomatic basis for a portion of the non standard analysis introduced by Abraham Robinson. Instead of adding new elements to the real numbers, the axioms… …   Wikipedia

  • Subclass (set theory) — In set theory and its applications throughout mathematics, a subclass is a class contained in some other class in the same way that a subset is a set contained in some other set.That is, given classes A and B, A is a subclass of B if and only if… …   Wikipedia

  • Ideal — may refer to:* Ideal (ethics), values that one actively pursues as goals * Platonic ideal, a philosophical idea of trueness of form, associated with PlatoIn mathematics* Ideal (ring theory), special subsets of a ring considered in abstract… …   Wikipedia

  • Ideal (mathematics) — In mathematics, ideal may refer to:* ideal (ring theory), a subset of a ring closed under addition and multiplication by elements of the ring * ideal (order theory), a subset of a partially ordered set closed under taking smaller elements (lower… …   Wikipedia

  • Small set — In mathematics, the term small set may refer to: *Small set (category theory) *Small set (combinatorics)ee also*Ideal (set theory) *Natural density *Large set (Ramsey theory) …   Wikipedia

  • Ideal class group — In mathematics, the extent to which unique factorization fails in the ring of integers of an algebraic number field (or more generally any Dedekind domain) can be described by a certain group known as an ideal class group (or class group). If… …   Wikipedia

  • Ideal norm — In commutative algebra, the norm of an ideal is a generalization of a norm of an element in the field extension. It is particularly important in number theory since it measures the size of an ideal of a complicated number ring in terms of an… …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”