Microphallus

For the medical condition of having an unusually small penis, see micropenis.

Microphallus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Platyhelminthes
Class:	Trematoda
Subclass:	Digenea
Order:	Plagiorchiida
Family:	Microphallidae
Genus:	Microphallus Ward, 1901[1]
Species
Microphallus abortivus Micropahllus basodactylophallus Microphallus bassodactylus Microphallus breviatus Microphallus claviformis Microphallus fonti Microphallus hoffmanni Microphallus limuli Microphallus nicolli Microphallus opacus Microphallus papillorobustus Microphallus piriformes Microphallus pirum Microphallus primas Microphallus pseudopygmaeus Microphallus pygmaeus Microphallus sabanensis Microphallus similis Microphallus turgidus
Synonyms
Carneophallus

Microphallus is a genus of parasitic trematodes (flukes) in the family Microphallidae. The Greek name means "tiny penis".

Hosts

They are parasitic on a variety of molluscs, crustaceans, birds, and mammals, some species having complex life cycles involving more than one host.

For example, Microphallus piriformes parasitizes the rough periwinkle (Littorina saxatilis); when these are eaten by herring gulls it infects the bird and lays its eggs in the bird's feces to infect new periwinkles.

Other intemediate hosts include, for example New Zealand mud snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum^[2][3] and others.

Parasite-host interactions

Several species are notable for manipulating or influencing their hosts. Microphallus piriformes causes its host, the rough periwinkle, to move upwards, making it more vulnerable to predation by herring gulls. Microphallus pseudopygmaeus chemically castrates (parasitic castration) its host, the snail Onoba aculeus, and causes it to grow larger than normal (it is not clear if this gigantism benefits the host or parasite or if it is a non-adaptive side-effect).^[4] Microphallus papillorobustus causes its host, the lagoon sand shrimp (Gammarus insensibilis) to swim upwards, making it more vulnerable to predation.^[5] Some species of this genus "hitch-hike" on the manipulations of other species; for example, Microphallus hoffmanni parasitizes the same sand shrimps as Microphallus papillorobustus but does not manipulate the shrimps itself, instead benefiting from the latter's manipulation of the host.

Life cycle

Microphallus sp. is a widespread and locally common undescribed parasite in New Zealand lakes and streams. Multilocus allozyme genotype data show that Microphallus is a single outbred species with high levels of gene flow among South Island populations. The parasite exclusively uses Potamopyrgus antipodarum as the intermediate host, and the final hosts are waterfowl. Embryonated Microphallus eggs are ingested from sediment and hatch in the snail's gut, penetrate the intestine, and migrate to the gonads and digestive gland. Following successful establishment, the parasite then undergoes asexual reproduction, replacing much of the host's reproductive tissue and digestive gland, which results in complete sterilization of the snail. The first visible parasite developmental stages (blastocercariae) are detectable after approximately 75 days post-exposure and metacercariae are common by 90 days post-exposure at 16°C in the lab. The life cycle is completed when snails containing metacercariae are consumed by waterfowl.^[2]

References

The article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from reference.^[2]

1. ^ Ward H. B. (1901) "Notes on the parasites of lake fish III. On the structure of the copulatory organs in Microphallus nov.gen.". Tr. Amer. Micr. Soc. 22: 175-187.
2. ^ ^{a b c} Osnas E. E. & Lively C. M. (31 May 2005) "Immune response to sympatric and allopatric parasites in a snail-trematode interaction". Frontiers in Zoology 2: 8. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-2-8
3. ^ Levri E. P. & Fisher L. M. (2000) "The Effect of a Trematode Parasite (Microphallus Sp.) on the Response of the Freshwater Snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum to Light and Gravity". Behaviour 137(9): 1141-1151.
4. ^ Gorbushin A. M. & Levakin I. A. (1999) "The effect of Trematode parthenitae on the growth of Onoba aculeus, Littorina saxatilis and L. obtusata (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia)". J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK 79: 273–279.
5. ^ Thomas F., Fauchier J. & Lafferty K. D. (2002) "Conflict of interest between a nematode and a trematode in an amphipod host: test of the "sabotage" hypothesis". Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 51: 296-301.