- Friedrich Ratzel
[
Friedrich Ratzel's photograph from the
University of Leipzig ]Friedrich Ratzel (
August 30 ,1844 ,Karlsruhe , Baden –August 9 ,1904 ,Ammerland ) was a Germangeographer andethnographer , notable for coining the term "Lebensraum " ("living space").Life
Ratzel's father was the head of the household staff of the Grand Duke of Baden. He attended high school in Karlsruhe for six years before being apprenticed at age 15 to apothecaries . In 1863, he went to
Rapperswil on theLake of Zurich ,Switzerland , where he began to studythe classics . After a further year as an apothecary atMörs nearKrefeld in theRuhr area (1865-1866), he spent a short time at the high school in Karlsruhe and became a student ofzoology at the universities ofHeidelberg ,Jena andBerlin , finishing in 1868. He studied zoology in 1869, publishing "Sein und Werden der organischen Welt" on Darwin.After the completion of his schooling, Ratzel began a period of travels that see him transform from zoologist/biologist to geographer. He began field work in the
Mediterranean , writing letters of his experiences. These letters led to a job as a traveling reporter for the "Kölnische Zeitung " ("Cologne Journal"), which provided him the means for further travel. Ratzel embarked on several expeditions, the lengthiest and most important being his 1874-1875 trip toNorth America ,Cuba , andMexico . This trip was a turning point in Ratzel’s career. He studied the influence of people of German origin in America, especially in theMidwest , as well as other ethnic groups in North America.He produced a written work of his account in 1876, "Städte-und Kulturbilder aus Nordamerika" (Profile of Cities and Cultures in North America), which would help establish the field of
cultural geography . According to Ratzel, cities are the best place to study people because life is "blended, compressed, and accelerated" in cities, and they bring out the "greatest, best, most typical aspects of people". Ratzel had traveled to cities such as New York,Boston ,Philadelphia , Washington, Richmond, Charleston,New Orleans , andSan Francisco .Upon his return in 1875, Ratzel became a lecturer in geography at the Technical High School in
Munich . In 1876, he was promoted to assistant professor, then rose to full professor in 1880. While at Munich, Ratzel produced several books and established his career as an academic. In 1886, he accepted an appointment atLeipzig . His lectures were widely attended, notably by the influential American geographerEllen Churchill Semple .Ratzel produced the foundations of
human geography in his two-volume "Anthropogeographie" in 1882 and 1891. This work was misinterpreted by many of his students, creating a number of environmental determinists. He published his work onpolitical geography , "Politische Geographie", in 1897. It was in this work that Ratzel introduced concepts that contributed toLebensraum andSocial Darwinism .Ratzel continued his work at Leipzig until his sudden death on
August 9 ,1904 inAmmerland , Germany.Writings
Influenced by thinkers like Darwin and
zoologist Ernst Heinrich Haeckel , he published several papers. Among them is the essay "Lebensraum" (1901) concerningbiogeography , creating a foundation for the uniquely German variant ofgeopolitics : "geopolitik ".Ratzel’s writings coincided with the growth of German industrialism after the
Franco-Prussian war and the subsequent search formarket s that brought it into competition withEngland . His writings served as welcome justification for imperial expansion. Influenced by the American geostrategistAlfred Thayer Mahan , Ratzel wrote of aspirations for German naval reach, agreeing thatsea power was self-sustaining, as the profit from trade would pay for themerchant marine , unlikeland power .Ratzel’s key contribution to "geopolitik" was the expansion on the biological conception of
geography , without a static conception of borders. States are instead organic and growing, with borders representing only a temporary stop in their movement. It is not the state proper that is the organism, but the land in its spiritual bond with the people who draw sustenance from it. The expanse of a state’s borders is a reflection of the health of the nation.Ratzel’s idea of "Raum" (space) would grow out of his organic state conception. This early concept of "lebensraum" was not political or economic, but spiritual and racial nationalist expansion. The "Raum-motiv" is a historically driving force, pushing peoples with great "Kultur" to naturally expand. Space, for Ratzel, was a vague concept, theoretically unbounded. "Raum" was defined by where German peoples live, where other weaker states could serve to support German peoples economically, and where
German culture could fertilize other cultures. However, it ought to be noted that Ratzel's concept of "raum" was not overtly aggressive, but theorized simply as the natural expansion of strong states into areas controlled by weaker states.Influence
Rudolf Kjellén was Ratzel’s Swedish student who would further elaborate onorganic state theory and who coined the term “geopolitics”.The German geostrategist
General Karl Haushofer was exposed to Ratzel, who was friends with Haushofer’s father, and would integrate Ratzel’s ideas on the division between sea and land powers into his theories, saying that only a country with both could overcome this conflict. In his writings, Haushofer also adopted the view that borders are largely insignificant, especially as the nation ought to be in a frequent state of struggle with those around it. Further, Haushofer would adopt Ratzel's conception of "Raum" as the central program for German "geopolitik".Quotes
"A philosophy of the history of the human race, worthy of its name, must begin with the heavens and descend to the earth, must be charged with the conviction that all existence is one—a single conception sustained from beginning to end upon one identical law."
Further reading
*Dorpalen, Andreas. "The World of General Haushofer." Farrar & Rinehart, Inc., New York: 1984.
*Martin, Geoffrey J. and Preston E. James. "All Possible Worlds." New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc: 1993.
*Mattern, Johannes. "Geopolitik: Doctrine of National Self-Sufficiency and Empire." The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore: 1942.
*Wanklyn, Harriet. "Friedrich Ratzel, a Biographical Memoir and Bibliography." Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 1961.Links
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