Ł

Ł or ł, described in English as L with stroke, is a letter of the Polish, Kashubian, Sorbian, Łacinka (Latin Belarusian), Wilamowicean, Navajo, Dene Suline, Inupiaq and Dogrib alphabets, and of several proposed alphabets for the Venetian language. In Slavic languages, it represents the Lechitic–West Slavic continuation of Proto-Slavic non-palatal "l" ("see dark L"). In most non-European languages, it represents a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative or similar sound.

Polish

In Polish, Ł is used to distinguish historical dark L from clear L.

In 1440 Jakub Pakoszowic proposed a letter resembling $ell$ to represent clear L. For dark L he suggested "l" with a stroke running in the opposite direction as the modern version. The latter was introduced in 1514-1515 by Stanisław Zaborowski in his "Orthographia seu modus recte scribendi et legendi Polonicum idioma quam ultissimus". L with stroke originally represented a velarized alveolar lateral approximant [Joseph Andrew Teslar & Jadwiga Teslar, "A New Polish Grammar" 8th Edition, Revised. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, Ltd. (1962): 4 - 5. "ł = English l hard, dental ; ... It is true, of course, that the majority of Poles nowadays pronounce this sound with the lips, exactly like the English w. But this is a careless pronunciation leading eventually to the disappearance of a sound typically Polish (and Russian also ; it has already disappeared from the other Slavonic languages, Czech and Serbian). ... In articulating l, your tongue ... projects considerably beyond the horizontal line separating the gums from the teeth and touches the gums or the palate. To pronounce ł ... the tongue should be held flat and rigid in the bottom of the mouth with the tip just bent upwards sufficiently to touch the edge of the front upper teeth. (On no account should the tongue extend beyond the line separating the teeth from the gums.) Holding the tongue rigidly in this position, you should then pronounce one of the vowels a, o or u, consciously dropping the tongue on each occasion, and you will obtain the hard ł quite distinct from the soft l."] , a pronunciation which is preserved in the eastern part of Poland [Oscar E. Swan, "First Year Polish" 2nd Edition, Revised and Expanded. Columbus: Slavica Publishers (1983): xix. "ł (so-called barrel l) is not pronounced like an l except in Eastern dialects and, increasingly infrequently, in stage pronunciation. It is most often pronounced like English w in way, how. "łeb, dała, był, piłka."] and among the Polish minority in Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine.

In modern Polish, Ł is normally pronounced IPA|/w/ (almost exactly as w in English as a consonant, as in "were", "will", "firewall" but not as in "new" or "straw"). [B. W. Mazur, "Colloquial Polish". London: Routledge (1983): 5. "The sounds below exist in English but are pronounced or rendered differently: c ... h [, ] ch ... j ... ł as w in wet [, ] łach ład słowo [; ] r ... w"] This pronunciation first appeared among Polish lower classes in the 16th century. It was considered an uncultured accent by the upper classes (who pronounced Ł almost exactly as: л in East Slavic languages or L in English "pull") until the mid-20th century when this distinction gradually began to fade. The old pronunciation of Ł is still fully understandable but is considered theatrical in most regions.

Polish Ł usually corresponds to Russian unpalatalised Л in native words and grammar forms, although the pronunciation of Ł and Л are different in modern Polish and Russian. Polish final Ł also often corresponds to Ukrainian final/pre-consonant В (Cyrillic) and Belarusian Ў. Thus, "he gave" is "dał" in Polish, "дав" in Ukrainian, "даў" in Belarusian and "дал" in Russian.

The shift to IPA|/w/ in Polish has affected all instances of dark L, even word-initially or intervocalically, e.g. "ładny" ("pretty, nice") is pronounced IPA|/ˈwadnɨ/, "słowo" ("word") is IPA|/ˈswɔvɔ/, and "ciało" ("body") is IPA|/ˈtɕawɔ/.

In Polish Ł often alternates with clear L, such as the plural forms of adjectives and that are associated with masculine personal nouns, e.g. "mały" → "mali" (IPA|/ˈmawɨ/ → IPA|/ˈmali/). Alternation is also common in declension of nouns, e.g. from nominative to locative, "tło" → "na tle" (IPA|/twɔ/ → IPA|/tlɛ/).

Other languages

In Belarusian Łacinka, Ł corresponds to Cyrillic л, and is normally pronounced IPA|/ɫ/ (almost exactly as l in English "pull"), both in the 1929 [Б. Тарашкевіч. Беларуская граматыка для школ. – Вільня : Беларуская друкарня ім. Фр. Скарыны, 1929 ; Мн. : «Народная асвета», 1991 [факсімільн.] . – Выданьне пятае пераробленае і пашыранае] and 1962 versions. [Ян Станкевіч. Які мае быць парадак літараў беларускае абэцады [1962] // Ян Станкевіч. Збор твораў у двух тамах. Т. 2. – Мн.: Энцыклапедыкс, 2002. ISBN 985-6599-46-6]

The letter Ł is also used for non-Slavic languages, including languages that did not originally develop a writing system based on the Latin alphabet, such as Navajo and Ahtna.

In Navajo, Ł is used for a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative (IPA|ɬ), like the Welsh Ll.Fact|date=February 2008

In Venetian Ł is used in substitution for L in many words in which the pronunciation of L has become different for several varieties of the language, such as becoming mute or becoming the sound of English a and the Venetian e. For example: "la gondoła " can be pronounced as (in Venetian) "la gondola", or "la gòndoa", or "la gòndoea".Fact|date=February 2008

When writing Scandinavian dialects having the pronunciation of a retroflex flap for the standard languages' L, many authors employ Ł.Fact|date=February 2008

Ł is used in orthographic transcription of Ahtna, an Athabaskan language spoken in Alaska; it represents a breathy lateral fricative. [cite web | url=http://www.native-languages.org/ahtna_guide.htm | title=Ahtna Pronunciation Guide | publisher= [http://www.native-languages.org/ Native Languages of the Americas] | accessdate=2008-10-05] [cite web | last=Tuttle | first=Siri G. | url=http://email.eva.mpg.de/rara2006/abstracts_webpage/TUTTLE.pdf | title=Syllabic obstruents in Ahtna Athabaskan | accessdate=2008-10-05] It is also used in Tanacross, a related Athabaskan language. [cite web | url=http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/tanacross/writing.html | last=Holton | first=Gary | title=Writing Tanacross Without Special Fonts | publisher= [http://www.uaf.edu/anlc Alaska Native Language Center] | year=2004 | month=April | accessdate=2008-10-05]

Computer usage

The Unicode codepoints for the letter are U+0142 for the lower case, and U+0141 for the capital. [cite web|url=http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/0142/index.htm|title=Unicode Character 'LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH STROKE' (U+0142)|publisher=FileFormat.info|accessdate=2007-12-20] In the LaTeX typesetting system l with stroke may be typeset with the command l.

ee also

*Ў, ў - Short U (Belarusian Cyrillic)
*Л, л - El (Cyrillic)

References

External links

* [http://www.twardoch.com/download/polishhowto/stroke.html Kreska ukośna] in "Polish Diacritics: How to?", by Adam Twardoch, Polish country delegate at ATypI