Hadron Elektron Ring Anlage

HERA ("Hadron-Elektron-Ringanlage", or Hadron-Electron Ring Accelerator) was a particle accelerator at DESY in Hamburg. Its operation started in 1992. At HERA, electrons or positrons were collided with protons at a center of mass energy of 318 GeV. It was the only lepton-proton collider in the world while operating. Also, it was on the energy frontier in certain regions of the kinematic range. HERA was closed down June 30th in 2007 [ [http://www-mpy.desy.de/cgi-bin/status2004?Accelerator=HERA&Time=24+hours&Format=100%25 Last run of HERA] . Read September 30th 2007.] .

HERA is located under the DESY site and the nearby Volkspark around 15 to 30 m underground and has a circumference of 6.3 km. There are four interaction regions, of which three were used by experiments "H1", "ZEUS" and "HERMES". The fourth interaction region was used by the now defunct "HERA-B" experiment. All these experiments were particle detectors.

Leptons and protons were stored in two independent storage rings on top of each other inside the HERA tunnel.

Leptons (electrons or positrons) were preaccelerated to 450 MeV in a linear accelerator "LINAC-II". From there they were injected into the storage ring "DESY-II" and accelerated further to 7.5 GeV before their transfer into "PETRA" where they were accelerated to 14 GeV. Finally they were injectedinto their storage ring inside the HERA tunnel and reach a final energy of 27.5 GeV. This storage ring was equipped with warm magnets keepingthe leptons on their circular track by a magnetic field of 0.17 tesla.

Protons were obtained from originally negatively charged hydrogen ions and preaccelerated to 50 MeV in a linear accelerator. They were then injected into the proton synchrotron DESY-III and accelerated further to 7 GeV. Then they were transferred to PETRA where they were accelerated to 40 GeV. Finally, they were injected into their storage ring inside the HERA tunnel and reached their final energy of 920 GeV. The proton storage ring used superconducting magnets to keep the protons on track.

The lepton beam in HERA became naturally transversely polarised through the Sokolov-Ternov effect. The characteristic build-up time expected for the HERA accelerator was approximately 40 minutes. Spin rotators on either side of the experiments changed the transverse polarisation of the beam into longitudinal polarisation. The positron beam polarisation was measured using two independent polarimeters, the transverse polarimeter (TPOL) and the longitudinal polarimeter (LPOL). Both devices exploit the spin-dependent cross section for Compton scattering of circularly polarised photons off positrons to measure the beam polarisation. The transverse polarimeter was upgraded in 2001 to provide a fast measurement for every positron bunch, and position-sensitive silicon strip and scintillating-fibre detectors were added to investigate systematic effects.

In June 2007 HERA was shut down and the experimental components were removed from the tunnel. Its main pre-accelerator PETRA is being converted into a synchrotron radiation source.

References

External links

* [http://zms.desy.de/research/accelerators/index_eng.html Accelerators Page at DESY, Hamburg (Site of HERA)]
* [http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/30898 End of an era: HERA Switches off] , Barbara Warmbein, CERN Courier 47 7, September 2007.