TLR 9

TLR 9

protein
Name=toll-like receptor 9
caption=


width=
HGNCid=15633
Symbol=TLR9
AltSymbols=
EntrezGene=54106
OMIM=605474
RefSeq=NM_017442
UniProt=Q9NR96
PDB=
ECnumber=
Chromosome=3
Arm=p
Band=21.3
LocusSupplementaryData=

TLR 9 is a toll-like receptor.

It recognizes unmethylated CpG sites on DNA molecules. CpG sites are extremely rare (~1%) on vertebrate genomes but prevalent on bacterial and viral DNA. TLR9 is expressed by numerous cells of the immune system such as dendritic cells, B lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. TLR9 is expressed intracellularly, within the endosomal compartments and functions to alert the immune system of viral and bacterial infections by binding to DNA rich in CpG motifs. TLR9 signals leads to activation of the cells initiating pro-inflammatory reactions that result in the production of cytokines such as type-I inteferon and IL-12. There are new immunomodulatory treatments undergoing testing which involve the administration of artificial DNA oligonucleotides containing the CpG motif. CpG DNA has applications in treating allergies such as asthma, immunostimulation against cancer, immunostimulation against pathogens, and as adjuvants in vaccines.

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