Turret deck ship

A turret deck ship is a type of merchant ship with an unusual hull, designed and built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The hulls of turret deck vessels were rounded and stepped inward above their waterlines. This gave some advantages in strength and allowed them to pay lower canal tolls under the tonnage measurement rules then in effect. The type ceased to be built after those rules changed.

Development

Turret deck ships were inspired by the visit of the U.S. whaleback vessel SS Charles W. Wetmore to Liverpool in 1891. [Craig, p. 35; Woodman, p. 179. Woodman identifies this vessel as the "Charles H. Wetmore"; she is named elsewhere as the "Charles W. Wetmore". Oakley, [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=7362 Whaleback freighter "Charles W. Wetmore" arrives in Everett on December 21, 1891] .] Like others of her type, "Wetmore" had a hull in the form of a flattened cigar, with a continuous curve above the waterline to where the sides met amidships.Oakley, [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=7362 Whaleback freighter "Charles W. Wetmore" arrives in Everett on December 21, 1891] .] The superstructure atop the hull was in round or oval “turrets”, so named because of their resemblance to gunhouses on contemporary warships. [ Duerkop, [http://www.marmuseum.ca/duerkop.html Some Marine Terminology] (definition 65, WHALEBACK).]

In 1893 William Doxford and Sons Ltd. of Sunderland, England built one whaleback under license from the type's designer, [http://www.doxford-engine.com/engines.htm Doxford Engines] .] but had already built its first turret deck ship to a design by Arthur Havers, the concern’s chief draughtsman. Havers toned down the more radical features of the whaleback. His design retained conventional bows and sterns instead of the upswept conoid “snout” of the whaleback. Instead of a rounded hull, the hull of a turret vessel was stepped inward above the waterline, but the horizontal and vertical surfaces of the hull met in curves rather than by right angles as in conventional ships. Finally, the design joined the rounded turrets of whalebacks into one long and narrow rectangular structure (also called a "turret") of about half the beam, and used that space as part of the hold. [Woodman, p. 179.]

Description and design

In side profile, turret deck ships resembled other merchant vessels with flush decks or with small forecastles and poop decks. [Craig, "Different types of vessels classified in Lloyd’s Register Book" (illustration), inside front cover; Woodman, p. 180 (illustration of exemplars of trunk and turret deck ships, taken from Paasch, "From Keel to Mast-Truck", a marine dictionary).] In cross-section the differences between turret deck vessels and more conventional ships are apparent. There was no gunwale; the vertical side of a turret ship curves inward above the load line to a horizontal plane. This flat area was known as the "harbour deck". [Duerkop, [http://www.marmuseum.ca/duerkop.html Some Marine Terminology] (definition 62, TURRET DECK SHIP).] Further inboard, this "deck" arced to the vertical again by a reverse curve. That vertical plane then joined the weather deck atop the turret at a right angle. [Craig, "Steam Tramps and Cargo Liners", Cross-sections of typical bulk carrying cargo ships built between the 1870’s and 1900’s (illustration reproduced from "Transactions of the Institute of Naval Architects", XLIX (1907)), inside back cover.] Structurally these elements were part of the hull, not of the superstructure, and the cargo holds of the ship extended up to the true weather deck atop the turret. [ [http://www.hhpl.on.ca/GreatLakes/Documents/Scanner/03/07/default.asp?ID=c011 Turret Steamers On Our Inland Seas] .]

This design, and that of its near relative trunk deck ships, [Trunk deck ships differed from turret ships in that the formers' sides and decks joined at right angles, rather than arcs as in turret ships. Woodman, p. 180 (diagram); Craig, inside front cover.] were said to maximize strength, allowing larger vessels and reduced the amount of steel needed for construction. [Craig, "Steam Tramps and Ocean Liners", p. 35.] In reality, it is more likely that the geometry inhibited the development of cracks in the sheer strake but vessels to this design were not any lighter than conventional vessels due to their unique geometry. In operation their hull form promoted self-trimming of homogenous cargo and inhibited shifting. [Woodman, p. 179.] The design also called for a cellular double bottom, which was the probable reason for claims of the type's exceptional hull strength, but it also raised the centre of gravity of the cargo. A higher centre of gravity increased the roll period and reduced the violence of rolls. [Woodman, p. 179; Duerkop, [http://www.marmuseum.ca/duerkop.html Some Marine Terminology] (definition 62, TURRET DECK SHIP).] But loading heavy cargo too high, and failing to properly ballast the bottom tanks, raised the centre of gravity and led to instability. This led to accidents, a Board of Trade investigation, and cautions from Doxford on proper loading. [http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/clanline2.html Clan Line] .] The design also was inconvenient, as the narrowness of the turret made for smaller cargo hatches and restricted habitation spaces in the superstructure atop the turret. [ [http://www.hhpl.on.ca/GreatLakes/Documents/Scanner/03/07/default.asp?ID=c011 Turret Steamers On Our Inland Seas] .]

Turret deck ships had a low net tonnage (an approximate measure of cargo space) in comparison to their deadweight capacity (weight of cargo) allowing them to operate at a lower fee structure than a conventional hull. Net tonnage is a computation of volume, and the method of measurement used at the Suez Canal to determine tolls was based on a measure of net tonnage which excluded some of the cargo spaces of these unconventional hulls. [Several sources state that Suez tolls were based on the area of the uppermost deck; as a turret’s deck was narrow, this measurement effectively excluded from consideration those portions of the hold under the harbour decks, which were outboard of the turret. E.g., [http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/clanline2.html Clan Line] ; Duerkorp, [http://www.marmuseum.ca/duerkop.html Some Marine Terminology] (definition 62, TURRET DECK SHIP). Another source states that the type “had special advantages over the Suez Canal tonnage measurements, as the hull above the harbour deck was regarded as an “erection”. "Merchant Ship Types", pp. 70-71, reproduced in [http://www.southwestmafia.com/forumswm/showthread.php?p=35305 SS Claverly Wreck Report] . This may suggest that the turret was treated as superstructure rather than hold space. In either case part of the cargo hold was excluded from measurement.] Turret and trunk deck ships therefore paid less in tolls than conventional ships of the same capacity. [Duerkop, [http://www.marmuseum.ca/duerkop.html Some Marine Terminology] (entry 62, TURRET DECK SHIP).]

In 1911 the toll measure changed at Suez to account for all cargo spaces, and contemporaneous refinements in the design of ships of more conventional hull form eliminated the structural advantages of turret deck ships. [Craig, pp. 35-37.] Construction of the type therefore ceased. [Duerkop, [http://www.marmuseum.ca/duerkop.html Some Marine Terminology] (entry 62, TURRET DECK SHIP).]

History of use

Over 180 ships of the type had been built before the design was abandoned, [Duerkop, [http://www.marmuseum.ca/duerkop.html Some Marine Terminology] (entry 62, TURRET DECK SHIP).] 176 of them by William Doxford and Sons. They were used in both line voyage and tramp service [Duerkop, [http://www.marmuseum.ca/duerkop.html Some Marine Terminology] (entry 62, TURRET DECK SHIP).] until retired, wrecked, or lost in the First or Second World War. The Scotland-based Clan Line, which traded globally in cargos such as foodstuffs, timber, metals, manufactured goods, case oil, jute, tea, nitrates, and general cargo, used 30 of the type for those purposes.

While used for general freight, these ships were particularly suited to the carriage of bulk cargos such as grains, coal, and ores. [Craig, p. 35.] Several were sold to Canadian interests for use in the latter trades on the Saint Lawrence River and Great Lakes of North America. The last of them, "Turret Cape", operated until midcentury ["Turret Cape", by then renamed "Walter Inkster", was still in service in 1950, departing Port Arthur, Ontario on Lake Superior in September of that year and arriving in Manitowoc, Wisconsin on Lake Michigan. cite web | title = Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at Manitowoc, Wisconsin , 1925-1956 | work = Publication No. M-2045 (from INS records) | year = 1996 | url = http://www.archives.gov/research/microfilm/m2045.pdf | accessdate = 2007-11-15 |format=PDF] and was not scrapped until 1959. [ [http://www.hhpl.on.ca/GreatLakes/Documents/Scanner/03/07/default.asp?ID=c011 Turret Steamers On Our Inland Seas] .]

References

Notes

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*. Google books has images of those pages, containing the chapter entitled [http://books.google.com/books?id=dS3OkGXFEKQC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=turret+deck+cargo+steamer+%22Steel+Ships%22&source=web&ots=zcz6I62QSo&sig=N0_pmdFwT6Ln1deoZCYBraWRODg&hl=en#PPA159,M1 "Turret Deck Cargo Steamer"] . Retrieved on 2008-03-26.
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Photographs

* [http://www.nmm.ac.uk/collections/displayRepro.cfm?reproID=C9298#content Colour photograph of model of SS "Nonsuch"] , a highly-detailed full-hull builder’s model in the collections of the National Maritime Museum. "Nonsuch" was built by Doxford in 1906 for Bowles Brothers and lost to air attack in 1944. cite web | title = Description, Turret deck cargo ship ‘Nonsuch’ | work = Collections Online, ship models | publisher = National Maritime Museum | url = http://www.nmm.ac.uk/collections/explore/object.cfm?ID=SLR0083 | accessdate = 2007-11-12
* [http://www.southwestmafia.com/forumswm/showthread.php?p=35305 SS Claverly Wreck Report] , with a stern view of SS "Claverley" showing her narrow harbour decks a short distance above the water. "Claverley", GRT|3,829|first=yes, was built by Doxford in 1907, owned by Sutherland Steamship Company, and torpedoed by a German U-boat near the Eddystone in 1917. cite web |title = SS Claverly | work = Wreck Reports | publisher = SouthWestMafia.com | year = 2007 | url = http://www.southwestmafia.com/forumswm/showthread.php?p=35305 | accessdate = 2007-11-12
* Photographs of four vessels in Great Lakes service from the "Historical Collections of the Great Lakes" can be found by searching on the [http://ul.bgsu.edu/cgi-bin/xvsl2.cgi Great Lakes Vessels Online Index] maintained by Bowling Green State University and entering the word "Turret" in the vessel name keyword search field. The photograph of "Turret Chief" shows a heavily-laden vessel with her harbour decks nearly awash.