Autotaxin

Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (autotaxin), also known as ENPP2, is a human gene.cite web | title = Entrez Gene: ENPP2 ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (autotaxin)| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5168| accessdate = ]

Autotaxin, also known as ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (NPP2 or ENPP2), is a secreted enzyme important for generating the lipid signaling molecule lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Autotaxin has lysophospholipase D activity that converts lysophosphatidylcholine into LPA.

Autotaxin was originally identified as a tumor cell-motility-stimulating factor; later it was shown to be LPA (which signals through Lysophospholipid receptors), the lipid product of the reaction catalyzed by autotaxin, which is responsible for its effects on cell-proliferation.

PBB_Summary
section_title =
summary_text = The protein encoded by this gene functions as both a phosphodiesterase, which cleaves phosphodiester bonds at the 5' end of oligonucleotides, and as a phospholipase, which catalyzes production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in extracellular fluids. LPA evokes growth factor-like responses including stimulation of cell proliferation and chemotaxis. This gene product stimulates the motility of tumor cells, has angiogenic properties, and its expression is upregulated in several kinds of carcinomas. The gene product is secreted and further processed to make the biologically active form. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified, but the full-length nature of only two transcript variants has been determined.cite web | title = Entrez Gene: ENPP2 ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (autotaxin)| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5168| accessdate = ]

ee also

* Lysophosphatidic acid
* Lysophospholipid receptors
* Lipid signaling
* Phospholipases

References

Further reading

PBB_Further_reading
citations =
*cite journal | author=Stracke ML, Krutzsch HC, Unsworth EJ, "et al." |title=Identification, purification, and partial sequence analysis of autotaxin, a novel motility-stimulating protein. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=267 |issue= 4 |pages= 2524–9 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1733949 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Stracke ML, Arestad A, Levine M, "et al." |title=Autotaxin is an N-linked glycoprotein but the sugar moieties are not needed for its stimulation of cellular motility. |journal=Melanoma Res. |volume=5 |issue= 4 |pages= 203–9 |year= 1996 |pmid= 7496154 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Murata J, Lee HY, Clair T, "et al." |title=cDNA cloning of the human tumor motility-stimulating protein, autotaxin, reveals a homology with phosphodiesterases. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=269 |issue= 48 |pages= 30479–84 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7982964 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Lee HY, Murata J, Clair T, "et al." |title=Cloning, chromosomal localization, and tissue expression of autotaxin from human teratocarcinoma cells. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=218 |issue= 3 |pages= 714–9 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8579579 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1996.0127
*cite journal | author=Kawagoe H, Soma O, Goji J, "et al." |title=Molecular cloning and chromosomal assignment of the human brain-type phosphodiesterase I/nucleotide pyrophosphatase gene (PDNP2). |journal=Genomics |volume=30 |issue= 2 |pages= 380–4 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8586446 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1995.0036
*cite journal | author=Lee HY, Clair T, Mulvaney PT, "et al." |title=Stimulation of tumor cell motility linked to phosphodiesterase catalytic site of autotaxin. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue= 40 |pages= 24408–12 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8798697 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Clair T, Lee HY, Liotta LA, Stracke ML |title=Autotaxin is an exoenzyme possessing 5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase/ATP pyrophosphatase and ATPase activities. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=272 |issue= 2 |pages= 996–1001 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8995394 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Dias Neto E, Correa RG, Verjovski-Almeida S, "et al." |title=Shotgun sequencing of the human transcriptome with ORF expressed sequence tags. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=97 |issue= 7 |pages= 3491–6 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10737800 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Nam SW, Clair T, Kim YS, "et al." |title=Autotaxin (NPP-2), a metastasis-enhancing motogen, is an angiogenic factor. |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=61 |issue= 18 |pages= 6938–44 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11559573 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Umezu-Goto M, Kishi Y, Taira A, "et al." |title=Autotaxin has lysophospholipase D activity leading to tumor cell growth and motility by lysophosphatidic acid production. |journal=J. Cell Biol. |volume=158 |issue= 2 |pages= 227–33 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12119361 |doi= 10.1083/jcb.200204026
*cite journal | author=Tokumura A, Majima E, Kariya Y, "et al." |title=Identification of human plasma lysophospholipase D, a lysophosphatidic acid-producing enzyme, as autotaxin, a multifunctional phosphodiesterase. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 42 |pages= 39436–42 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12176993 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M205623200
*cite journal | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, "et al." |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899
*cite journal | author=Jung ID, Lee J, Yun SY, "et al." |title=Cdc42 and Rac1 are necessary for autotaxin-induced tumor cell motility in A2058 melanoma cells. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=532 |issue= 3 |pages= 351–6 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12482591 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Yang SY, Lee J, Park CG, "et al." |title=Expression of autotaxin (NPP-2) is closely linked to invasiveness of breast cancer cells. |journal=Clin. Exp. Metastasis |volume=19 |issue= 7 |pages= 603–8 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12498389 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Gijsbers R, Aoki J, Arai H, Bollen M |title=The hydrolysis of lysophospholipids and nucleotides by autotaxin (NPP2) involves a single catalytic site. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=538 |issue= 1-3 |pages= 60–4 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12633853 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Koh E, Clair T, Woodhouse EC, "et al." |title=Site-directed mutations in the tumor-associated cytokine, autotaxin, eliminate nucleotide phosphodiesterase, lysophospholipase D, and motogenic activities. |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=63 |issue= 9 |pages= 2042–5 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12727817 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Kehlen A, Englert N, Seifert A, "et al." |title=Expression, regulation and function of autotaxin in thyroid carcinomas. |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume=109 |issue= 6 |pages= 833–8 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15027116 |doi= 10.1002/ijc.20022
*cite journal | author=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, "et al." |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121–7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504
*cite journal | author=Boucher J, Quilliot D, Pradères JP, "et al." |title=Potential involvement of adipocyte insulin resistance in obesity-associated up-regulation of adipocyte lysophospholipase D/autotaxin expression. |journal=Diabetologia |volume=48 |issue= 3 |pages= 569–77 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15700135 |doi= 10.1007/s00125-004-1660-8
*cite journal | author=van Meeteren LA, Ruurs P, Christodoulou E, "et al." |title=Inhibition of autotaxin by lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine 1-phosphate. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=280 |issue= 22 |pages= 21155–61 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15769751 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M413183200

References

*
* cite journal |author=Umezu-Goto M, Kishi Y, Taira A, Hama K, Dohmae N, Takio K, Yamori T, Mills GB, Inoue K, Aoki J, Arai H |title=Autotaxin has lysophospholipase D activity leading to tumor cell growth and motility by lysophosphatidic acid production |journal=J. Cell Biol. |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=227–33 |year=2002 |pmid=12119361 |doi=10.1083/jcb.200204026

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