Gateway drug theory

The gateway drug theory (also called variously gateway theory, gateway hypothesis and gateway effect) is the hypothesis that the use of soft drugs leads to a higher, future risk of hard drug use and crime. [ [http://www.crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/drugsalcohol/drugsalcohol62.htm The road to ruin? Sequences of initiation into drug use and offending by young people in Britain] ] Tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana are often said to be gateway drugs. [http://www.wnet.org/closetohome/science/html/gateway.html+%22gateway+drugs%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=us] [Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse] [Drug Abuse Resistance Education]

Some research suggests that some serious drug abusers have used other drugs before using marijuana or alcohol.cite journal|title=Sequence of drug use among serious drug users: typical vs atypical progression|author=Mackesy-Amiti ME, Fendrich M, Goldstein PJ|year=1997|journal=Drug and alcohol dependence|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9179520|volume=45|pages=185|doi=10.1016/S0376-8716(97)00032-X] Individual drug-abuse histories show that "hard drug" users do progress from one drug to another, but the research is not clear enough to confirm the gateway theory. [ [http://www.nap.edu/html/marimed/ Contents | Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base | Institute of Medicine ] ]

There are many pharmacological similarities between various recreational drugs.

Marijuana

Multiple scientific studies show that the consumption of cannabis can possibly predict a significant higher risk for the subsequent use of other "harder" illicit drugs, while other studies show that it cannot. [cite news|first=Bruce|last=Mirken|url=http://www.alternet.org/drugreporter/45535|title=Why Smoking Marijuana Doesn't Make You a Junkie|publisher=AlterNet|date=2006-12-19|accessdate=2007-06-11] [ [http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06339/743649-114.stm Researchers say smoking pot not always path to hard drugs drug use ] ] Two recent studies are from University of Pittsburgh's School of Pharmacy,cite journal| last = Tarter | first = Ralph E. | coauthors = Michael Vanyukov, Levent Kirisci, Maureen Reynolds and Duncan B. Clark, M.D. | year = 2006 | month = December | title = Predictors of Marijuana Use in Adolescents Before and After Licit Drug Use: Examination of the Gateway Hypothesis | journal = American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 163 | issue = 12 | doi = 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.12.2134 | url = http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/163/12/2134| pages = 2134 | format = abstract | pmid = 17151165] and from Dr. Michael Lynskey. [http://www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_notes/NNvol18N4/Twins.html] , [http://www.springerlink.com/content/f8422178014431x6/] [http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/289/4/427] [http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v4/n7/full/embor893.html#B6] ]

In 1999, a study by the Division of Neuroscience and Behavioral Health at the Institute of Medicine entitled "Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base," found no evidence of a link between cannabis use and the subsequent abuse of other illicit drugs on the basis of its particular physiological effect.cite web|url=http://books.nap.edu/readingroom/books/marimed/notice.html|title=Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base|publisher=National Academies Press|year=1999|accessdate=2007-03-30]

In December 2002, a study by RAND regarding if cannabis use results in the subsequent use of cocaine and heroin was published in the British Journal of Addiction, a peer-reviewed scientific publication. The researchers created a mathematical model simulating adolescent drug use. National rates of cannabis and hard drug use in the model matched survey data collected from representative samples of youths from across the United States; the model produced patterns of drug use and abuse. Andrew Morral, associate director of RAND's Public Safety and Justice unit and lead author of the study stated: [cite web|url=http://www.rand.org/news/press.02/gateway.html|publisher=RAND|date=2002-12-02|accessdate=2007-07-11|title=RAND Study Casts Doubt on Claims that Marijuana Acts as "Gateway" to the Use of Cocaine and Heroin.]

In 2006, the Karolinska Institute in Sweden used twelve rats to examine how adolescent use of cannabis effects subsequent abuse of other illicit drugs. The study gave six of the twelve "teenage" (28–49 days old, or 6.6–10.4 in human years) rats a small dose of THC, reportedly equivalent to one cannabis joint smoked by a human, every three days. The rats were allowed to administer heroin by pushing a lever and the study found the rats given THC took larger doses of heroin. The institute examined the brain cells in the rats and found THC alters the opioid system that is associated with positive emotions, which lessens the effects of opiates on rat's brain and thus causes them to use more heroin. [cite news|title=Why teenagers should steer clear of cannabis|date=2006-07-05|accessdate=2007-05-12|last=Vince|first=Gaia|publisher= [http://www.NewScientist.com NewScientist.com] |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn9488&feedId=teenagers_rss20] Paul Armentano, policy analyst for NORML, claimed because the rats were given THC at the young age of 28 days, is impossible to extrapolate the results of this study to humans. Also, cannabis exposed adult rats, despite being desensitized to heroin, were in another study, no more likely to get addicted than the controls. [cite news|url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/column?oid=oid%3A416164|title=Reefer Madness|first=Jordan|last=Smith|date=2006-11-03|accessdate=2007-05-13|publisher= [http://www.austinchronicle.com/ The Austin Chronicle] ]

In December 2006, a 12 year gateway drug hypothesis study on 214 boys from ages 10–12 by the American Psychiatric Association was published in the American Journal of Psychiatry. The study concluded adolescents who used cannabis prior to using other drugs, including alcohol and tobacco, were no more likely to develop a substance abuse disorder than subjects in the study who did not use cannabis prior to using other drugs. [cite web|url=http://www.norml.org/index.cfm?Group_ID=7118|publisher=NORML|date=2006-12-07|title=Marijuana Use Per Se Not a 'Gateway' To Illicit Drug Use, Study Says|accessdate=2007-06-09] [cite web|publisher=American Journal of Psychiatry|url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/163/12/2134|accessdate= 2007-06-09|title=Predictors of Marijuana Use in Adolescents Before and After Licit Drug Use: Examination of the Gateway Hypothesis|month=December | year=2006]

A stratified, random sample of 1943 adolescents was recruited from secondary schools across Victoria, Australia at age 14–15 years. This cohort was interviewed on eight occasions until the age of 24–25 years. At age 24 years, 12% of the sample had used amphetamines in the past year, with 1%–2% using at least weekly. Young adult amphetamine use was predicted strongly by adolescent drug use and was associated robustly with other drug use and dependence in young adulthood. Associations were stronger for more frequent users. Among young adults who had not been using amphetamines at age 20 years, the strongest predictor of use at age 24 years was the use of other drugs, particularly cannabis, at 20 years. [ [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01906.x Louisa Degenhardt et al Who are the new amphetamine users? A 10-year prospective study of young Australians, 2007] ] Those who were smoking cannabis at the age of 15 were as much as 15 times more likely to be using amphetamines in their early 20s. [ [http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/18/1981329.htm ABC News Australia: Cannabis linked to use of amphetamines, 2007-07-18] ]

One reason the risk factor for abusing drugs in cannabis users is higher because few people try hard drugs prior to trying cannabis, not because cannabis users increasingly try hard drugs such as amphetamines. [ Zimmer Ph.D, Lynn: "Marijuana Myths Marijuana Facts", pages 32–37. The Lindesmith 1997]

Tobacco

According to the NIDA, "People who abuse drugs are also likely to be cigarette smokers. More than two-thirds of drug abusers are regular tobacco smokers, a rate more than double that of the rest of the population." [ [http://web.archive.org/web/20051103184120/http://www.nida.nih.gov/nida_notes/NNVol15N5/Craving.html The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), part of the NIH, a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.] – Nicotine Craving and Heavy Smoking May Contribute to Increased Use of Cocaine and Heroin Fact|date=February 2007 – Patrick Zickler, NIDA NOTES Staff Writer. URL Accessed October, 2006]

External links

* " [http://www.marijuanalibrary.org/gateway.html The Myth of Marijuana's Gateway Effect] " from NORML (1995-02-07)
* [http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k4/alcDU/alcDU.htm Illicit Drug Use Among Lifetime Nondrinkers and Lifetime Alcohol Users (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services)]
* [http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/hors253.pdf The road to ruin? Sequences of initiation into drug use and offending by young people in Britain]
* [http://drugs.homeoffice.gov.uk/publication-search/acmd/cannabis-class-misuse-drugs-act?view=Binary The classification of cannabis under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971] (Section 4.6 "Does cannabis use lead on to other drug use?")

References