Glacial River Warren

[
Lake Agassiz; its outflow breached the U-shaped Big Stone Moraine at Traverse Gap and became the source of River Warren. At the extreme right, the northernmost oxbow loop is the Mississippi at downtown Saint Paul. Just to its west and almost invisible is the valley of the Mississippi above its confluence with River Warren at Fort Snelling.]
[
Minneapolis-St. Paul. The wide channel of River Warren enters from the southwest. The Mississippi enters from the north near the left side and the St. Croix enters from the north at the right. The present rivers are grossly underfit for their valleys; the widening of the Mississippi to the southeast is the slackwater pool from Lock and Dam No. 2.] Glacial River Warren or River Warren was a prehistoric river that drained Lake Agassiz in central North America between 11,700 and 9,400 years ago. The enormous outflow from this lake carved a mighty valley now occupied by the much-smaller Minnesota River and the Upper Mississippi River.

Creation

Lake Agassiz was formed from the meltwaters of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the Wisconsonian glaciation of the last ice age. Agassiz was a huge body of water, up to 600-700 feet (~200 m) deep, and at various times covering areas totaling over 110,000 square miles (~300,000 km²). [ Lusardi, [http://www.winona.edu/geology/MRW/MNglance/Mn_Quaternary.pdf "Quaternary Glacial Geology"] , pp. 3-4; Sansome, "Minnesota Underfoot", p. 175. The area actually inundated at one time was somewhat less.] Blocked by an ice sheet to the north, the lake water rose until about 9,700 years Before Present (BP), when it overtopped the "Big Stone Moraine", a ridge of glacial drift left by the receding glacier, at the location of Browns Valley, Minnesota. The lake's outflow was catastrophic at times, [Fisher, [http://www.eeescience.utoledo.edu/Faculty/Fisher/Fisher%20-%20River%20Warren%20boulders,%20Minnesota,%20USA%20-%20catastrophic%20paleoflow%20indicators%20in%20the%20southern%20spillway%20of%20glacial%20Lake%20Agassiz.pdf "River Warren Boulders"] , pp. 348, 350.] and carved a gorge through the moraine a mile (1.6 km) wide and 130 feet (~40 m) deep, which is now known as the Traverse Gap. [ Sansome, "Minnesota Underfoot", pp. 174-75; Upham, [http://www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/govdocs/text/lakeagassiz/chapter2.html "The Glacial Lake Agassiz"] , p. 14-17.]

From the gap issued the Glacial River Warren. From its inception until final abandonment of Agassiz' southern outlet, this stream drained the meltwater of that lake to the Mississippi valley. The drainage was not however continuous, as Lake Agassiz periodically had other outlets. The Laurentide ice sheet retreated and advanced with climatic variations and these changes in ice cover contributed to isostatic adjustments in the level of the land over which the watercourses ran. These changes in turn uncovered or blocked the lake's other outlets to the sea. [Fisher, [http://www.eeescience.utoledo.edu/Faculty/Fisher/Fisher%20-%20River%20Warren%20boulders,%20Minnesota,%20USA%20-%20catastrophic%20paleoflow%20indicators%20in%20the%20southern%20spillway%20of%20glacial%20Lake%20Agassiz.pdf "River Warren Boulders"] , p. 351.]

Course

While active this turbulent stream cut and eroded a bed up to five miles (8 km) wide and 250 feet (80 m) deep. [Sansome, "Minnesota Underfoot", pp. 118-19.] This has left a valley which starts at Traverse Gap near Browns Valley, Minnesota, goes southeast to Mankato, then turns northeast to the Twin Cities. River Warren was joined by the comparatively small Mississippi at Fort Snelling, from which the valley continues northeast to present-day Saint Paul, where the massive River Warren Falls once graced the landscape. Over 1700 years this waterfall retreated upstream and undercut the Mississippi at the site of Fort Snelling. The falls then split. The Mississippi falls migrated upstream to form Saint Anthony Falls and create Minnehaha Falls in Minneapolis. The River Warren falls receded west in the Minnesota River valley until they reached an older buried river valley about two miles (3 km) west of the confluence, where the falls were extinguished. [Waters, "The Streams and Rivers of Minnesota", pp. 226-28.]

From Saint Paul the great valley goes southeast to Prescott, Wisconsin, where it is joined by the St. Croix River, itself once the outlet of another proglacial lake, Glacial Lake Duluth which occupied the western part of Lake Superior. From its confluence with the St. Croix the valley continues southeast along the Minnesota-Wisconsin border. River Warren's effects include the creation of bluffs along the valleys of the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers, and contributed to the formation of Lake Pepin. [Ojakangas, "Minnesota's Geology", pp. 110-114.]

End

By about 9400 BP, the ice sheet finally retreated sufficiently far to the north that Lake Agassiz permanently took another outlet and receded below the level of Traverse Gap. River Warren then ceased to run. [Fisher, [http://www.eeescience.utoledo.edu/Faculty/Fisher/Fisher%20-%20River%20Warren%20boulders,%20Minnesota,%20USA%20-%20catastrophic%20paleoflow%20indicators%20in%20the%20southern%20spillway%20of%20glacial%20Lake%20Agassiz.pdf "River Warren boulders"] , p. 350.] The Lake Agassiz area watershed now feeds the Red River of the North which flows north, ultimately to Hudson Bay. River Warren's upper valley in the Traverse Gap is now occupied by the tiny Little Minnesota River, which flows into Big Stone Lake and the Minnesota River, which follows the greater river's ancient bed to its confluence with the Mississippi River. These streams occupy only a small cross-section of River Warren's riverbed. [ [http://mrbdc.mnsu.edu/mnbasin/fact_sheets/valley_formation.html "Valley Formation"] .]

Name

The hydrology of the oversized valley was first explained by General G. K. Warren in 1868. He made a detailed survey of the valley in his search for possible transcontinental railroad routes. [ [http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/msscfa/sc10668.htm Gouverneur Kemble Warren Papers, 1848-1882] ] Posthumously, in appreciation of this work, the glacial river that was the outlet of Lake Agassiz was named River Warren. [Upham, [http://www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/govdocs/text/lakeagassiz/chapter1.html "The Glacial Lake Agassiz"] , pp. 7-8.]

ee also

*Geology of Minnesota
*Glacial history of Minnesota
*Laurentide ice sheet
*Proglacial lakes of Minnesota
*Wisconsin glaciation

References

Notes

ources

Books, journals and monographs

* cite journal
last = Fisher
first = Timothy G.
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = Chronology of glacial Lake Agassiz meltwater routed to the Gulf of Mexico
journal = Quaternary Research
volume = 59
issue = 2
pages = 271–76
publisher = Academic Press
date = March 2003
url = http://www.eeescience.utoledo.edu/Faculty/Fisher/Fisher-%20Chronology%20of%20glacial%20Lake%20Agassiz%20meltwater%20routed%20to%20the%20Gulf%20of%20Mexico.pdf
doi = 10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00011-5
id =
accessdate = 2007-07-04
* cite journal
last = Fisher
first = Timothy G.
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = River Warren boulders, Minnesota, USA: catastrophic paleoflowindicators in the southern spillway of glacial Lake Agassiz
journal = Boreas
volume = 33
issue = 4
pages = 349–58
publisher = Taylor & Francis
date = December, 2004
url = http://www.eeescience.utoledo.edu/Faculty/Fisher/Fisher%20-%20River%20Warren%20boulders,%20Minnesota,%20USA%20-%20catastrophic%20paleoflow%20indicators%20in%20the%20southern%20spillway%20of%20glacial%20Lake%20Agassiz.pdf
doi = 10.1080/0300948041001938
id = ISSN 0300-9483
accessdate = 2007-07-04
* Citation
last = Ojakangas
first = Richard W.
author-link =
last2 = Matsch
first2 = Charles L
author2-link =
title = Minnesota's Geology
place= Minneapolis
publisher = University of Minnesota Press
year = 1982
location =
volume =
edition =
url =
doi =
id = ISBN 0-8166-0953-5
* Citation
last = Sansome
first = Constance Jefferson
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = Minnesota Underfoot: A Field Guide to the State's Outstanding Geologic Features
publisher = Voyageur Press
date = 1983
location = Stillwater, MN
pages =
url =
doi =
id = ISBN 0-8965-8036-9
* cite journal
last = Upham
first = Warren
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = The Glacial Lake Agassiz
journal = Monographs of the United States Geological Survey
volume = XXV
issue =
pages =
publisher = United States Geological Survey/University of North Dakota
date = 1896/2002
url = http://www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/govdocs/text/lakeagassiz/index.html
doi =
id =
accessdate = 2007-07-04
* Citation
last = Waters
first = Thomas F.
author-link =
last2 =
first2 =
author2-link =
title = The Streams and Rivers of Minnesota
place= Minneapolis
publisher = University of Minnesota Press
year = 1977
location =
volume =
edition =
url =
doi =
id = ISBN 0-8166-0821-0

Websites

*cite web |title =Gouverneur Kemble Warren Papers, 1848-1882| publisher =New York State Library| date =2001-01-25| url =http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/msscfa/sc10668.htm| accessdate = 2007-07-04
*cite web
last = Lusardi
first = B. A.
date = 1997
url = http://www.winona.edu/geology/MRW/MNglance/Mn_Quaternary.pdf
title = Quaternary Glacial Geology
work = Minnesota at a Glance
publisher = Minnesota Geological Survey, University of Minnesota
accessdate = 2007-07-04
*cite web
date = 2004-11-15
url = http://mrbdc.mnsu.edu/mnbasin/fact_sheets/valley_formation.html
title = Valley Formation
work = Fact Sheets
publisher = Minnesota River Basin Data Center (MRBDC), Minnesota State University, Mankato
accessdate = 2007-07-04