Red Mountain (Birmingham, Alabama)

Red Mountain is a long ridge running southwest-northeast and dividing Jones Valley from Shades Valley south of Birmingham, Alabama, United States. It is part of the Ridge-and-Valley province of the Appalachian mountains. The Red Mountain Formation of hard Silurian rock strata lies exposed in several long crests, and was named "Red Mountain" because of the rust-stained rock faces and prominent seams of red hematite iron ore. The best displays of the mountain's geological strata occur at the Twentieth Street cut near the Vulcan statue and at the US 31 highway cut leading into the suburb of Homewood. Most of Birmingham's television and radio stations have their studios and/or transmitters located on Red Mountain. Red Mountain is also home to the newly created [http://www.redmountainpark.org Red Mountain Park] , one of the nation's largest urban parks at convert|1108|acre|km2 making it larger than even New York City's Central Park.

Description

: "At Birmingham the lower convert|100|ft|m is predominantly shaly and there is a convert|20|ft|m|sing=on bed of thick-layered sandstone convert|34|ft|m above the bottom. Above this shaly part lies the Irondale ore bed, which is separated from the Big seam of iron ore by a few feet of shale and of sandstone layers that carry large and small waterworn pebbles. Next above lies the Big seam, approximately convert|17|ft|m thick, above which these is about convert|38|ft|m of red sandstone that carries small quartz pebbles, the lower convert|14|ft|m of which has yellow shale about equal in amount to sandstone. About convert|30|ft|m still higher is the"Pentamerus"-bearing bed (Hickory Nut seam), a ferruginous sandstone full of casts of the interiors of the big brachiopod "Pentamerus oblongus". There is still about convert|70|ft|m more of sandstone, largely reddish, and shale to the top of the Red Mountain formation, making a total thickness in this part of Red Mountain of about convert|260|ft|m."

: [...] "The most interesting and valuable feature of the Red Mountain formation is its iron ore, which is the chief cornerstone of Alabama's industrial structure. Although ore of good quality and of workable thickness occurs elsewhere, as at Attalla, and on the Red Mountain along the west side of Murphrees Valley, the main deposit, the Big seam, lies under Shades Valley and the part of the Cahaba coal field southeast of that part of Red Mountain which extends from a point a mile or two southwest of Bessemer to Morrow Gap about convert|8|mi|km northeast of Birmingham."

: [...] "The Red Mountain ores are known as a red fossil ore, because originally the iron accumulated in extensive beds of fragments of fossils, principally the hard parts of crinoids, bryozoans, and brachiopods. The iron, from solution in some form, was precipitated upon and within these beds of fossil fragments and thus the ore beds are simply a particular kind of sedimentary layers inclosed in ordinary sediments, shales, and sandstones, composing the bulk of the Red Mountain formation. As the fossil fragments were composed of calcium carbonate, which is the mineral that forms limestone, the iron ore beds at depth, where they are unweathered and where there has been no condition that permitted leaching of the lime content, carry a considerable percentage of lime, so that the ore is self-fluxing. Another type of ore is oolite ore, in which the iron oxide occurs in the form of small pellets. The precipitation of the iron that forms this ore started around some minute particle like a small grain of sand or fragment of fossil and built up a small lenticular body. The two kinds of ore are more or less mixed or one or the other may predominate in a particular layer of ore." – "Geology of Alabama" (1926)

Neighborhood

Red Mountain is one of Birmingham's most prominent upscale neighborhoods. It is home to the majority of the multi-million dollar residences and estates that are located within the city proper. The prestigious Altamont School, a well-known private school for its arts and science programs, is located in the neighborhood also.

History

The proximity of Red Mountain's ore to nearby sources of coal and limestone was the impetus to develop and promote the Birmingham District as an industrial site. The mountain developed a symbolic place as the source of wealth in the region and was even portrayed as a character in pageants sponsored by the steel companies in their company towns. It slopes served as the site for large estates and upper-class developments which offered cool breezes and a panoramic view of the growing industrial city from above the constant layer of thick black smoke.

As the steel furnaces modernized, it became more economical to purchase pelletized ore from distant sources than to continue mining ore from Red Mountain.

In 1938 the giant cast-iron statue of Vulcan which represented Birmingham in the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair was put on display atop a sandstone tower built by the Works Progress Administration. This is the world's largest cast-iron statue.

Red Mountain serves as a natural promontory for Birmingham's radio and television broadcast stations, and a setting for noteworthy nightspot "The Club".In 1970, the "Red Mountain Expressway" was completed after many years of work. A section of Red Mountain was blasted up and hauled away, forming a cut through the mountain, rather than drilling a tunnel. This highway linked Birmingham with its southern suburbs of Homewood, Mountain Brook, and Vestavia Hills, and it has spurred suburban growth towards the south of Birmingham. It also provides the route for US Highway 31 to the south (the Montgomery Highway) and US Highway 280 to the southeast. The resultant cut exposed geological strata spanning millions of years, including the red ore seam that spurred Birmingham's development. A new species of Lower Silurian (middle Llandovery) phacopsid trilobite, "Acaste birminghamensis", was first collected from exposures on Red Mountain. Named for the city, the new species was published in May 1972. [B. S. Norford, [http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/46/3/348 "Acaste birminghamensis", a new lower Silurian trilobite from Alabama"] , "Journal of Paleontology"; May 1972; v. 46; no. 3; p. 348-352]

Red Mountain Museum

A science museum, the Red Mountain Museum, was opened on the slope adjacent to the cut in 1971. Interpretive signage was installed along one of the terraces of the cut and guardrails and fencing installed to allow museum visitors to inspect the exposed rock close-up. From the late 1970s until 1994, the Red Mountain Museum was quite active in paleontological research, collecting fossil vertebrates and invertebrates from hundreds of localities throughout the state. The staff collected and cataloged tens of thousands of fossils, including many Cretaceous mosasaurs, Pleistocene ground sloths, and primitive Eocene archaeocete whales. Paleontologists, zoologists, and archeologists once employed at the Red Mountain Museum, either as paid staff or as volunteers, include Gorden L. Bell, Jr., James P. Lamb, Winston C. Lancaster, Caitlín R. Kiernan, Susan Henson, and Amy Sheldon.

The Red Mountain Museum later formed a partnership with a nearby children's science museum, The Discovery Place, to form "Discovery 2000", which then moved away from Red Mountain to downtown Birmingham and became the McWane Science Center which opened in July 1998. In 1987 the Red Mountain Expressway Cut was granted National Natural Landmark status by the National Park Service. Deemed unsafe because of the potential for rock slides, the interpretive trail has since been closed to the public. The extensive Red Mountain Museum collection is now stored at the McWane Science Center and once again available to scientists. As of October 2007, the former Red Mountain Museum building had been demolished, but plans for the site are as of yet unknown.

Literary Allusions

Fantasy author and paleontologist Caitlín R. Kiernan has used Red Mountain, particularly the area west of US Highway 31 and the Red Mountain cut, as the setting for four of her novels – "Silk" (1998), "Threshold" (2001), "Low Red Moon" (2003), and, to a much lesser extent, "Murder of Angels" (2004). The geography and geology of the mountain was integral to the plot of "Threshold", and in a chapbook on the novel ("Trilobite: The Writing of Threshold"; Subterranean Press, 2003), Kiernan includes an afterword describing the geological history and paleontology of the Paleozoic strata of Red Mountain.

References

* Adams, George I.; Butts, Charles; Stephenson, L. W.; & Cooke, Wythe (1926). "Geology of Alabama." Geological Survey of Alabama, Special Report No. 14. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press.
* Kiernan, Caitlín R. (2003). "Trilobite: The Writing of Threshold". Subterranean Press:75-86.

External links

* [http://www.nature.nps.gov/nnl/Registry/USA_Map/States/Alabama/NNL/RMEX/index.cfm National Park Service] page about the Red Mountain Expressway Cut.