The Sugarlands

The Sugarlands is a valley in the north-central Great Smoky Mountains, locatedin the Southeastern United States. Formerly home to a string of small Appalachiancommunities, the valley is now the location of the Great Smoky Mountains National Parkheadquarters and the Sugarlands Visitor Center. Lying just south of Gatlinburg, the Sugarlands is one of the park's most popular access points.

The Sugarlands area stretches roughly from Grapeyard Ridge and Roaring Fork in the east to the slopes of Sugarland Mountain to the west. [Michal Strutin, "History Hikes of the Smokies" (Gatlinburg: Great Smoky Mountains Association, 2003), 298–299.] Mount Le Conte rises 5,000 feet above the valley to the south and southeast. The West Fork of the Little Pigeon River, its source high in the mountains, slices through the Sugarlands, draining much of the valley. The Sugarlands is located entirely within Sevier County, Tennessee.

When the first Euro-American settlers arrived in the early 19th century, they named the valley after the many sugar maple trees growing in the area at the time. [Jerry Wear, "Sugarlands: A Lost Community of Sevier County" (Sevierville, Tennessee: Sevierville Heritage Committee, 1986), 5.] Syrup was made from the sap in these trees and used as a sweetener in the days before the availability of cane sugar. While these trees were cleared by the early settlers, the sugar maple is still common throughout the park. [http://www.nps.gov/grsm/naturescience/trees-shrubs-list.htm]

Unlike Cades Cove in the west and the Oconaluftee area to the south, very few structures dating to the pre-park days in the Sugarlands have been preserved. Notable exceptions are the Noah Ogle homestead near Cherokee Orchard, the John Ownby cabin near Fighting Creek, and the Alex Cole cabin now at Roaring Fork. Various stone foundations, chimneys, and crude rock walls remain scattered throughout the valley, giving hints of the layout of the early Appalachian settlements. The farmland, however, has been almost wholly reclaimed by hardwood forest.

Geology

The Sugarlands is underlain by a Precambrian Class II sandstone of the Ocoee Supergroup, known specifically as Roaring Fork sandstone. [Harry Moore, "A Roadside Guide to the Geology of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988), 33.] This rock, like other formations throughoutthe Appalachian region, was formed from ancient ocean sedimentsnearly one billion years ago. [Harry Moore, "A Roadside Guide to the Geology of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988), 23–27.] Erosional forces throughout the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras — especially during the last Ice Age — have carried rocks of various sizes down from boulder fields high up on the surrounding mountain slopes, leaving the valley coated with a bouldery alluvium. [Harry Moore, "A Roadside Guide to the Geology of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988), 37–42.] Early farmers, having to move these rocks in order plant crops, stacked them up to make crude stone walls, many of which remain today. [Michael Frome, "Strangers In High Places: The Story of the Great Smoky Mountains" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994), introduction.]

History

In Cherokee lore, the Sugarlands was part of the area known as "Walasi'yi", or "Frog place".Walasi'yi included Mount Le Conte and Bull Head, as well as "the ridge extendinginto Sevier County, Tennessee, between the Middle and West forks of Little Pigeon River." [James Mooney, "Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee" (Nashville: Charles Elder, 1972), 545.] In the legend "Aganunitsi and the Uktena," the Shawano medicine man, Aganunitsi, in exchange for his freedom, seeks out the great serpent, Uktena, in hopes of snatching a magical jewel from its forehead. After searching the surrounding mountains, Aganunitsi found his way to Walasi'yi:

Going still south to Walasi'yi, the Frog place, he found a great frog squatting in the gap, but when the people who came to see it were frightened like the others and ran away from the monster he mocked at them for being afraid of a frog and went on to the next gap. [James Mooney, "Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee" (Nashville: Charles Elder, 1972), 299.]

Early pioneers

The first European settlers arrived in the area around 1800, settling in the vicinity of what would eventually become Gatlinburg. Richard Reagan and William "Black Bill" Ogle — children of these early settlers — farmed land along Mill Creek (now LeConte Creek) in the eastern halfof the Sugarlands. [Michal Strutin, "History Hikes of the Smokies" (Gatlinburg: Great Smoky Mountains Association, 2003), 299.] William Trentham would homestead in the Fighting Creek area, where the Sugarlands Visitor Center now stands. [Gladys Trentham Russell, "Call Me Hillbilly" (Alcoa, Tenn.: Russell Publishing Company, 1974), 7.] Most of the inhabitants still living in the Sugarlands when the park was formed were descended from these early settlers. [Gladys Trentham Russell, "Call Me Hillbilly" (Alcoa, Tenn.: Russell Publishing Company, 1974), 66.]

For much of the 19th Century, Sugarlanders lived in log cabins. The typical mountain cabin consisted of one room, 16' × 20', constructed of notched logs and puncheon floors. A chimney — usually made of slate and clay — rose along one wall. A lone window was on the wall opposite the chimney. Around 1900, modern frame houses slowly started replacing the log cabins. [Jerry Wear, "Sugarlands: A Lost Community of Sevier County" (Sevierville, Tennessee: Sevierville Heritage Committee, 1986), 5–6.]

A standard farm in the Sugarlands consisted of the cabin or house and a small vegetable garden, all of which was surrounded by a paling fence, and several outbuildings. A smokehouse and woodshed would likely be found near the kitchen, and a springhouse would straddle a nearby spring. Other likely outbuildings included barns, corn cribs (often affixed to the barns), chicken coops, and toolsheds. There were at least five gristmills in the Sugarlands, the largest belonging to Caleb Trentham. [Jerry Wear, "Sugarlands: A Lost Community of Sevier County" (Sevierville, Tennessee: Sevierville Heritage Committee, 1986), 6.] The tubwheel-powered mill of Noah "Bud" Ogle still stands today at Cherokee Orchard.

The Civil War

Like much of Southern Appalachia, the U.S. Civil War proved devastating for the Sugarlands. The mountain communities of East Tennessee (most of which were pro- Union) were especially vulnerable, as they were easy targets for Confederate raiders from North Carolina. [Durwood Dunn, "Cades Cove: The Life and Death of an Appalachian Community" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988), 136.] During the war, Will Thomas — a Confederate colonel and later Cherokee chief — made improvements to the Oconaluftee Turnpike to allow Confederate marauders easier access to Sevier County. [Michal Strutin, "History Hikes of the Smokies" (Gatlinburg: Great Smoky Mountains Association, 2003), 324.] The Sugarlands would have been among the first communities approached along this road heading north from Chimney Tops.

Early in the war, Thomas' forces ascended the turnpike and occupied Gatlinburg. Thomas erected a small fort on Burg Hill in hopes of protecting salt peter mines at Alum Cave, along the northern slopes of Mount Le Conte. He was forced to withdraw, however, when a Union relief force threatened to surround the fort. [Lucinda Ogle, Jerry Wear (editor), "Sugarlands: A Lost Community in Sevier County, Tennessee" (Sevierville, Tennessee: Sevierville Heritage Committee, 1986), 57.]

The late 1800s and early 1900s

As small farms in the Sugarlands recovered from the Civil War, some began growing enough excess crops to sell or trade. The more prosperous farmers opened small general stores, which were often located in the store owner's house or a room attached to the house. The stores sold flour, meal, meat, soda, salt, coffee, tobacco, snuff, and castor oil. The stores also bought (or traded for) chickens, eggs, honey, ginseng, and furs, which the storeowner would take to Sevierville or Knoxville to trade. [Jerry Wear, "Sugarlands: A Lost Community in Sevier County, Tennessee" (Sevierville, Tennessee: Sevierville Heritage Committee, 1986), 7.] Sugarlanders who lived near fords of the Pigeon River had the most lucrative storefronts. Among them were Richard Reason Reagan (1830-1912), who owned a general store near the Sugarland Branch ford, and Alex Cole, who operated a storefront further up the river. [Jerry Wear, "Sugarlands: A Lost Community in Sevier County, Tennessee" (Sevierville, Tennessee: Sevierville Heritage Committee, 1986), 7.] [Beulah Linn, "The West Fork of the Little Pigeon River," "Smoky Mountain Historical Society Journal" 12, no. 2 (Winter 1996): 3.]

Around 1900, sawmills began moving into the area to harvest the thick forests of the Smokies. Andrew Huff had erected a sawmill in Gatlinburg, and the Little River Lumber Company began operating in the upper reaches of Little River by 1908. Many Sugarlanders found employment with the latter in Elkmont, which could be reached on foot by crossing Sugarland Mountain via what is now the Huskey Gap Trail. [Vic Weals, "The Last Train to Elkmont" (Knoxville: Olden Press, 1993), 25–26.] Bark from trees cut in the Sugarlands was often used for tanning bark. [Jerry Wear, "Sugarlands: A Lost Community in Sevier County, Tennessee" (Sevierville, Tennessee: Sevierville Heritage Committee, 1986), 7.]

Poverty plagued much of Appalachia in the early 1900s, and the Sugarlands was no exception. Former resident Alie Newman Maples recalled in a poem:

The Sugarlands so clear and clean,
Altho our meals were mighty lean. [Alie Newman Maples, "Memories of the Sugarlands," "Smoky Mountain Historical Society Newsletter" 3, no. 4 (September 1977): 3.]

In 1912, the Pi Beta Phi women's fraternity established a settlement school in Gatlinburg to combat poverty in the area. [Michael Frome, "Strangers In High Places: The Story of the Great Smoky Mountains" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994), 230.] The early Pi Phi teachers' scrapbooks and letters recalled the region's sub-par conditions. One remarked that the Sugarlands was a "land of poorer homes" than even Gatlinburg, itself selected for the settlement school as the community most in need. [Michael Frome, "Strangers In High Places: The Story of the Great Smoky Mountains" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994), 231.] Another recalled a dining experience with a family in the Sugarlands where the food was served on "large pail lids" while chickens roamed freely through the house. [Michael Frome, "Strangers In High Places: The Story of the Great Smoky Mountains" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994), 231.] Some of the area children didn't know simple childhood games, and others knew nothing about Christmas. [Michael Frome, "Strangers In High Places: The Story of the Great Smoky Mountains" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994), 236.] Regardless, building on the initial successes of the Gatlinburg school, the Pi Phis decided to open a school in the Sugarlands in 1920. The school was located near the old Ransom Sims place, in the vicinity of the Sugarlands Cemetery.

While the Sugarlanders were initially suspicious of the Phi Phis' intentions, they eventually welcomed the benefits of the settlement school. Its presence allowed children in Gatlinburg and the Sugarlands to get a basic education, and helped to improve the health and economy of the area. [Michael Frome, "Strangers In High Places: The Story of the Great Smoky Mountains" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994), 236–7.]

Moonshining

By 1900, moonshining had become rampant throughout the Smokies. [Mary Bell Smith, "In the Shadow of the White Rock" (Boone, N.C.: Minor's Publishing Company, 1979), 53–54.] The dense forest, isolated coves, and ready availability of corn made mountain valleys such as the Sugarlands the perfect places tohide and operate illegal stills. Horace Kephart, a writer who lived on the North Carolina side of the mountains in the early 1900's, described the Sugarlands during this period:

...a country of ill fame, hidden deep in remote gorges, difficult of access, tenanted by a sparse population who preferred to be a law unto themselves. For many a year it had been known on our side as Blockaders' Glory, which is the same as saying Moonshiners' Paradise, and we all believed it to be fitly named. [Horace Kephart, "Our Southern Highlanders" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1976), 213.]

Kephart goes on to give a quasi-factual account of a North Carolina deputy's raid into the Sugarlands to find three fugitives. Kephart describes a cornfield planted on a slope "so steep that it must have been dug with mattocks and hoed on hands and knees." [Horace Kephart, "Our Southern Highlanders" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1976), 216.] The residents, while polite, seemed very suspicious of the outsiders, offering no information on the three fugitives and refusing overnight lodging. [Horace Kephart, "Our Southern Highlanders" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1976), 222–226.] The party eventually found a house to take them in for the night, but would return to North Carolina empty-handed. [Horace Kephart, "Our Southern Highlanders" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1976), 227–228.]

While moonshining no doubt occurred, Kephart's account is probably exaggerated. Gladys Trentham Russell, who grew up in the Fighting Creek area, estimated that less than 20% of mountain families ever engaged in the practice. Those who consumed moonshine often did so for medicinal purposes. Russell did acknowledge, however, that "bootleggers" and "bad men" made the far reaches of the Sugarlands too dangerous for women and children. [Gladys Trentham Russell, "Call Me Hillbilly" (Alcoa, Tenn.: Russell Publishing Company, 1974), 61.]

The Coming of the park

In the 1800s, mountain areas became popular vacation destinations, especially since large urban areas were often wanting for clean air and scenery. Mineral-rich mountain springs were thought to have health-restoring qualities, and the cool air of the higher elevations lured people seeking relief from allergies and hay fever.

Colonel W. B. Townsend — the owner of the Little River Lumber Company — began to see the value of creating recreational areas on land that had already been stripped of its wood. In 1909, after the Elkmont area had largely been cleared, the company's train, the Little River Railroad, began offering daily train service from Knoxville to Elkmont in conjunction with Knoxville's Southern Railroad. Tourists also began pouring into Gatlinburg, especially after Andrew Huff opened the Mountain View Hotel in 1916. With the arrival of tourism, Sugarlanders found a wider market for their furs and produce.

During this period, many Sugarlanders became legendary as mountain guides. Wiley Oakley (1885-1954), the most famous of these guides, lived on the northern slopes of Mount Le Conte in an area known as the Scratch Britches (now traversed by the Rainbow Falls Trail). Known as the "Roamin' Man of the Mountains," Oakley's navigational instincts and extensive knowledge of area plant and animal life and oral traditions would later prove invaluable to park service scientists and anthropologists. [Lucinda Oakley Ogle, Jerry Wear (editor), "Sugarlands: A Lost community In Sevier County, Tennessee" (Sevierville, Tennessee: Sevierville Heritage Committee, 1986), 41–60.]

When various entities began buying up land for the national park in the 1920s and 1930s, most of the inhabitants of the Sugarlands were displaced. Russell recalls:

Most folks were happy with the prospects of selling their rocky fields and hillsides for more money than they estimated it to be worth, but some felt they didn't want to be driven from their old homeplaces at any price. [Gladys Trentham Russell, "Call Me Hillbilly" (Alcoa, Tenn.: Russell Publishing Company, 1974), 63.]

While most Sugarlanders accepted buy-out offers, a few had to be forced out via condemnation suits. [Gladys Trentham Russell, "Call Me Hillbilly" (Alcoa, Tenn.: Russell Publishing Company, 1974), 63.] Shortly after the formation of the park, the Civilian Conservation Corps constructed a camp along the West Fork which operated from 1933–1942, and would build roads and trails in the area for the park service. The ruins of this camp remain along a bend in the Old Sugarlands Trail. [Michal Strutin, "History Hikes of the Smokies" (Gatlinburg: Great Smoky Mountains Association, 2003), 302–303.]

The closing of the CCC camp after World War II was the end of permanent human habitation in the Sugarlands. The forest quickly reclaimed the farmland, and other than a few small mountain cemeteries and the occasional odd clearing or pile of stones, few signs of the former inhabitants remain today.

Present day

The park's two main paved roads — Little River Road and Newfound Gap Road (US-441) — intersect at the Sugarlands Visitor Center. From this intersection, it is approximately25 miles to Cades Cove in the Western Smokies, 22 miles to Newfound Gap, and 34 miles to Cherokee, North Carolina. Gatlinburg is just two miles to the north.

The Old Sugarlands Trail, which is both a hiking and horse trail, connects the Fighting Creek area along Newfound Gap Road with the Cherokee Orchard area. The Bullhead Trail branches off from the Old Sugarlands Trail, crossing the slopes of Bull Head before intersecting the Boulevard Trail atop Mount Le Conte. The Huskey Gap Trail, with its trailhead along Newfound Gap Road a mile past the visitors center, ascends Sugarland Mountain to the Sugarland Mountain Trail. Both the Boulevard Trail and Sugarland Mountain Trail intersect the Appalachian Trail along the crest of the Smokies to the south.

Two short trails labelled "Quiet Walkways" connect Newfound Gap Road with an area of stone ruins along the West Fork of the Little Pigeon River. An interpretive loop trail behind the Sugarlands Visitor Center leads past the John Ownby Cabin and the ruins of the Noah McCarter place. Cherokee Orchard Road connects US-441 in Gatlinburg to the Cherokee Orchard and Roaring Fork areas, and passes by the Noah Ogle homestead and the eastern head of the Old Sugarlands Trail.

References

External links

* [http://www.nps.gov/grsm/planyourvisit/visitorcenters.htm Great Smoky Mountains National Park Visitor Centers] — Information on operating hours, exhibits, etc. at the Sugarlands Visitor Center
* [http://www.lib.utk.edu/arrowmont/ From Pi Beta Phi to Arrowmont] — A site hosted by the Great Smoky Mountains Regional Project; contains valuable pre-park photos and scrapbooks relating to the Sugarlands and Gatlinburg
* [http://www.smokykin.com/smhs/ The Smoky Mountain Historical Society]
* [http://www.smokiesinformation.org The Great Smoky Mountains Association] — Non-profit GSMNP partner; contains news, historical information, and photo galleries of the Sugarlands and other park locales.