John Vincent Atanasoff

Infobox Scientist
name = John Vincent Atanasoff
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image_size =190px caption = Atanasoff designed and built the first electronic, digital computer (non-programmable)
birth_date = birth date|1903|10|4|mf=y
birth_place = Hamilton, New York
death_date = death date and age|1995|6|15|1903|10|4|mf=y
death_place = Frederick, Maryland
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citizenship = American
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field = physics
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known_for = Atanasoff–Berry Computer
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John Vincent Atanasoff (Bulgarian: Джон Винсент Атанасов, "Dzhon Vinsent Atanasov") (October 4,1903 – June 15,1995) was a Bulgarian-American physicist. The 1973 decision of the patent suit "Honeywell v. Sperry Rand" named him the inventor of the first automatic electronic digital computer, a special-purpose machine that has come to be called the Atanasoff–Berry Computer.

The son of a Bulgarian immigrant who became an electrical engineer, Atanasoff held positions as a teaching professor, a governmental wartime research director, and a corporate research executive before being recognized in the 1970s and 1980s for digital electronic computer research he conducted at Iowa State College in the late 1930s and early 1940s.

Early life and education

John Atanasoff (a-ta-NA-sof) was born in Hamilton, New York to an electrical engineer and a school teacher. Atanasoff's father, Ivan Atanasoff, was born in 1876 in the village of Boyadzhik, Ottoman Empire (present-day Bulgaria), just before Ivan's own parents died in the April Uprising. [Atanasoff, J.V. "The Beginning". Sofia: Narodna Mladezh Publishers, 1985. (Bulgarian version of his 1984 paper) [http://www.johnatanasoff.com/pride_in_Bulgaria.php Foreword in English] ] In 1889, Ivan Atanasoff emigrated to the United States with his uncle. John Vincent Atanasoff's mother, Iva Lucena Purdy, was a teacher of mathematics.

Atanasoff was raised by his parents in Brewster, Florida. At the age of nine he learned to use a slide rule, followed shortly by the study of logarithms, and subsequently completed high school at Mulberry High School in two years. In 1925, Atanasoff received his bachelor of science degree in electrical engineering from the University of Florida, graduating with straight A's.

He continued his education at Iowa State College and in 1926 earned a master's degree in mathematics. He completed his formal education in 1930 by earning a Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the University of Wisconsin-Madison with his thesis, "The Dielectric Constant of Helium". Upon completion of his doctorate, Atanasoff accepted an assistant professorship at Iowa State College in mathematics and physics.

Computer development

Partly due to the drudgery of using the mechanical Monroe calculator, which was the best tool available to him while he was writing his doctoral thesis, Atanasoff began to search for faster methods of computation. At Iowa State, Atanasoff researched the use of slaved Monroe calculators and IBM tabulators for scientific problems. In 1936 he invented an analog calculator for analyzing surface geometry. The fine mechanical tolerance required for good accuracy pushed him to consider digital solutions.

According to Atanasoff, several operative principles of the Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) were conceived by the professor in a flash of insight during the winter of 1937–1938 after a drive to Rock Island, Illinois. With a grant of $650 received in September 1939 and the assistance of his graduate student Clifford Berry, the ABC was prototyped by November of that year.

The key ideas employed in the ABC included binary math and Boolean logic to solve up to 29 simultaneous linear equations. The ABC had no central processing unit (CPU), but was designed as an electronic device using vacuum tubes for digital computation. It also used separate regenerative capacitor memory, a process still used today in DRAM memory.

Intellectual property entanglement

Atanasoff meets Mauchly

John Atanasoff met John Mauchly at the December 1940 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Philadelphia, where Mauchly was demonstrating his "harmonic analyzer", an analog calculator for analysis of weather data. Atanasoff told Mauchly about his new digital device and invited him to see it. Also during the Philadelphia trip, Atanasoff and Berry visited the patent office in Washington, where their research assured them that their concepts were new. A January 15 1941 story in the "Des Moines Register" announced the ABC as "an electrical computing machine" with more than 300 vacuum tubes that would "compute complicated algebraic equations".

In June 1941 Mauchly visited Atanasoff in Ames, Iowa to see the ABC. During his four day visit as Atanasoff's houseguest, Mauchly thoroughly discussed the prototype ABC, examined it, and reviewed Atanasoff's design manuscript in detail. Up to this time Mauchly had not proposed a digital computer. In September 1942 Atanasoff left Iowa State for a wartime assignment as Chief of the Acoustic Division with the Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL) in Washington D.C. He entrusted his patent application for the ABC to Iowa State College administrators. It was never filed.

Mauchly visited Atanasoff multiple times in Washington during 1943 and discussed Atanasoff's computing theories, but did not mention that he was working on a computer project himself until early 1944. [Mollenhoff, pages 62–66.] John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert's construction of ENIAC, the first "general purpose" electronic computer, during 1943–1946 was to lead to a legal dispute two decades later over who was the actual inventor of the computer.

By 1945 the U.S. Navy, too, had decided to build a large scale computer, on the advice of John von Neumann. Atanasoff was put in charge of the project, and he asked Mauchly to help with job descriptions for the necessary staff. However, Atanasoff was also given the responsibility for designing acoustic systems for monitoring atomic bomb tests. That job was made the priority, and by the time he returned from the testing at Bikini Atoll in July 1946, the NOL computer project was shut down due to lack of progress, again on the advice of von Neumann.

Patent disputed

:"For a more detailed account, see Honeywell v. Sperry Rand."

Mauchly and Eckert applied for a patent on a "General-Purpose Electronic Computer" in 1947, which was finally granted in 1964. The rights to the patent had been sold in 1951 to Remington Rand (to become Sperry Rand); that company created a subsidiary (Illinois Scientific Developments) to start demanding royalty payments from other equipment manufacturers in the electronic data processing industry in the 1960s.

In June 1954 IBM patent attorney A.J. Etienne sought Atanasoff's help in breaking an Eckert-Mauchly patent on a revolving magnetic memory drum, having been alerted by Clifford Berry that the ABC's revolving capacitor memory drum may have constituted prior art. Atansoff agreed to assist the attorney, but IBM ultimately entered a patent-sharing agreement with Sperry Rand, the owners of the Eckert-Mauchly memory patent, and the case was dropped. [Mollenhoff, pages 81–86.]

On May 26, 1967, computer manufacturer Honeywell Inc. filed a lawsuit against Sperry Rand in U.S. District Court in Minneapolis, Minnesota challenging the validity of the ENIAC patent. The trial, one of the longest and most expensive in the federal courts to that time, began on June 1, 1971, lasted until March 13, 1972, had 77 witnesses, plus 80 depositions and 30,000 exhibits. Atanasoff's machine was introduced as prior art.

The case was legally resolved on October 19, 1973 when U.S. District Judge Earl R. Larson held the ENIAC patent invalid, ruling that the ENIAC derived many basic ideas from the Atanasoff-Berry Computer. Judge Larson explicitly stated, "Eckert and Mauchly did not themselves first invent the automatic electronic digital computer, but instead derived that subject matter from one Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff".

Sperry declined to appeal the decision in "Honeywell v. Sperry Rand", but the decision received little publicity at the time, perhaps because it was overshadowed by the Watergate era "Saturday Night Massacre" firing of special prosecutor Archibald Cox by President Richard Nixon the next day. Despite the legal decision, some computer history publications continued to represent the ENIAC, rather than the ABC, as the first electronic digital computer.

Postwar life

Following World War II Atanasoff remained with the government and developed specialized seismographs and microbarographs for long-range explosive detection. In 1952 he founded and led the Ordnance Engineering Corporation, selling the company to Aerojet General Corporation in 1956 and becoming Aerojet's Atlantic Division president.

In 1961 Atanasoff started another company, Cybernetics Incorporated. He was gradually drawn into the legal disputes being contested by the fast growing computer companies Honeywell and Sperry Rand. Following the resolution of "Honeywell v. Sperry Rand", which named Atanasoff the inventor of the automatic electronic digital computer, Atanasoff was warmly honored by Iowa State College, which had since become Iowa State University, and more awards followed. He retired in Maryland and died in 1995 of a stroke after a lengthy illness.

Honors and distinctions

[
right|thumb|200px|Monument_to_John_Atanasoff_in_Sofia, in his ancestral Bulgaria] Atanasoff's first national award for scientific achievements was the Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius, First Class, Bulgaria's highest scientific honor bestowed to him in 1970, before the 1973 court ruling. [http://ecet.ecs.ru.acad.bg/cst/Docs/proceedings/Plenary/P-1.pdf Prof. Kiril Boyanov. John Vincent Atanasoff – The Inventor of the First Electronic Digital Computing.] ]

In 1990, President George H. W. Bush awarded Atanasoff the United States National Medal of Technology, the highest U.S. honor conferred for achievements related to technological progress.

Other distinctions awarded to Atanasoff include:

* U.S. Navy Distinguished Service Award (1945)
* Citation, Seismological Society of America (1947)
* Citation, Admiral, Bureau of Ordnance (1947)
* Cosmos Club membership (1947)
* Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa) University of Florida (1974)
* Honorary membership, Society for Computer Medicine (1974)
* Iowa Inventors Hall of Fame (1978)
* Computer Pioneer Medal from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (1981)
* Iowa Governor's Science Medal (1985)
* Order of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, First Class (1985)
* Computing Appreciation Award, EDUCOM (1985)
* Foreign Member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (1985) [http://yambol.government.bg/physics/atanasov.htm Yambol Province Government.] Website (in Bulgarian)]
* Holley Medal, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1985)
* Honorary citizen of the city of Yambol, Bulgaria (1985; Atanasoff’s father was born in Yambol region)
* Coors American Ingenuity Award (1986)
* Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa) University of Wisconsin-Madison (1987)

Named for Atanasoff

* Atanasoff Nunatak (a peak) on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica [ [http://www3.pnra.it/SCAR_GAZE SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer] ]
* The asteroid (3546) Atanasoff, discovered by the Rozhen Observatory [ [http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iau/lists/MPNames.html Minor Planet Names: Alphabetical List] ] [Lutz D. Schmadel. "Dictionary of Minor Planet Names". Springer-Verlag Telos, 2000. 1319 pp. ISBN 978-3540662921] [ [http://www.nvu.bg/faculty/computing/john.html National Military University] Website (in Bulgarian)]
* Atanasoff Hall, a computer science building on the Iowa State campus
* Iowa State's implementation of MIT's Project Athena ("Project Vincent", after Atanasoff's middle name)
* The John Atanasoff Award, established by Georgi Parvanov in 2003 and bestowed annually by the President of Bulgaria to a young Bulgarian for achievements in the field of computer and information technologies and the information society of Bulgaria [ [http://dobredoshli.net/news.php?lang=2&cat=0&itm=369 John Atanasoff Award] ] [ [http://web.cs.iastate.edu/news/news.jsp?id=51 Bestowing the 2005 John Atanasoff Award.] Iowa State University website.]
* The John Atanasoff Technical College in the Bulgarian city of Plovdiv, a branch of the Technical University of Sofia [ [http://www.tu-plovdiv.bg/en/faculty.php?faculty=15 John Atanasoff Technical College.] Website]
* The John Atanasoff Bulgarian national tournament in informatics and information technologies, held in the city of Shumen annually since 2001 [ [http://dariknews.bg/view_article.php?article_id=201486 The 7^th John Atanasoff Tournament.] Darik News website (in Bulgarian)]
* The John Atanasoff Professional High School of Electronics in the city of Stara Zagora, Bulgaria [ [http://electronica-stz.hit.bg/bul/photos.html John Atanasoff Professional High School of Electronics, Stara Zagora.] Website]
* The John Atanasoff Professional High School of Electronics in Sofia [ [http://spge-bg.com/index2.php?lang=en John Atanasoff Professional High School of Electronics, Sofia.] Website]
* The John Atanasoff Chitalishte (community cultural centre), Sofia [ [http://www.chitalishte.bg/pageview.php?chitid=503&set_language=2&PHPSESSID=6878711bd3744fbda84fbfb125c0a3e8 John Atanasoff Chitalishte, Sofia.] ]
* The John Atanasoff Chitalishte, Boyadzhik Village, Bulgaria (the birth place of Atanasoff’s father) [ [http://www.chitalishte.bg/pageview.php?chitid=234&PHPSESSID=78dd7c01fbae5ab2f9bb4ace8d6b9292 John Atanasoff Chitalishte, Boyadzhik.] ]
* Prof. John Atanasoff 4^th Primary School, Sofia [ [http://schools.pomagalo.com/1/3083/?view=gallery&pic=12061 Prof. John Atanasoff Primary School, Sofia.] Picture]
* The John Atanasoff Private High School, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria [ [http://www.jaschool.org/priem.html John Atanasoff Private High School, Blagoevgrad.] Website]
* The John Atanasoff Professional Technical High School, Kyustendil, Bulgaria [ [http://schools.pomagalo.com/127/3289/ John Atanasoff Professional Technical High School, Kyustendil.] ]
* The John Atanasoff Professional High School of Economic Informatics, Targovishte, Bulgaria [ [http://pgii.hit.bg John Atanasoff Professional High School of Economic Informatics, Targovishte.] Website]
* The John Atanasoff University Student Computer Club, Plovdiv University, Bulgaria [ [http://rdesc.uni-plovdiv.bg/JAClub/JAClub.htm John Atanasoff University Student Computer Club, Plovdiv University.] Website]
* John Atanasoff Street, Yambol, Bulgaria [ [http://nts-yambol.org/ John Atanasoff Street, Yambol addressee.] ]
* John Atanasoff Street, Sofia [ [http://mall.neogen.bg/katalog/?cat_nl_p=show_company&idcompany=15930&clid=4 John Atanasoff Street, Sofia addressee.] ]

ee also

* Charles Babbage Institute
* History of computing hardware
* Claude Elwood Shannon
* George Stibitz

ources

References

*cite book | last=Mollenhoff | first=Clark R. | authorlink=Clark R. Mollenhoff | title=Atanasoff: Forgotten Father of the Computer | year=1988 | publisher=Iowa State University Press | location=Ames, Iowa | isbn=0-8138-0032-3
*cite book | last=Burks | first=Alice R. | authorlink=Alice Burks | coauthors=Arthur W. Burks | title=The First Electronic Computer: The Atanasoff Story | year=1988 | publisher=The University of Michigan Press | location=Ann Arbor, Michigan | isbn=0-472-10090-4
*cite journal | last=Burks | first=Arthur W. | authorlink=Arthur Burks | coauthors=Alice R. Burks | title=The ENIAC: First General-Purpose Electronic Computer | journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing | volume=3 | issue=4 | pages=310–399 | publisher=IEEE Computer Society | location=Washington, D.C. | month=October | year=1981
*cite journal | last=Mackintosh | first=Allan R. | title=The First Electronic Computer | journal=Physics Today | month=March | year=1987 | doi=10.1063/1.881101 | volume=40 | pages=25
*cite journal | last=Mooers | first=Calvin N. | authorlink=Calvin Mooers | title=The Computer Project at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory | journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing | volume=23 | issue=2 | pages=51–67 | month=April-June | year=2001 | publisher=IEEE Computer Society | location=Washington, D.C. | url=http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MAHC.2001.10002 | format = PDF | issn=1058-6180 | doi=10.1109/MAHC.2001.10002
* cite book | last=Burks | first=Alice Rowe | authorlink=Alice Burks | title=Who Invented The Computer?: The Legal Battle that Changed Computing History | publisher=Prometheus Books | location=Amherst, New York | year=2003 | isbn=1-59102-034-4
*cite journal | last=Atanasoff | first=John V. | authorlink=John Atanasoff | title= Advent of the Electronic Digital Computing | journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing | volume=6 | issue=3 | pages=229–282 | month=July-September | year=1984 | publisher=IEEE Computer Society | location=Washington, D.C. | url= http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MAHC.1984.10028 | format = PDF | issn=1058-6180 | doi=10.1109/MAHC.1984.10028

External links

* [http://www.johnatanasoff.com/ JohnAtanasoff.com]
* [http://www.cs.iastate.edu/jva/jva-archive.shtml The Atanasoff Archives] at Iowa State
* [http://www.lib.iastate.edu/arch/rgrp/13-20-51.html Atanasoff Personal Papers] at Iowa State
* [http://archive.comlab.ox.ac.uk/other/museums/computing/atanasoff.html Atanasoff's Obituary]
* [http://www.angelfire.com/ma/kilenm/2k03ppl.html Another Biography]
* [http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/do_Atanasoff.html Biography at Virginia Tech]
* [http://users.augustana.edu/arwalters/jva/ Breakthrough Square] - a proposed recognition of Atanasoff in Rock Island, Illinois