- Haplogroup CT (Y-DNA)
Infobox haplogroup
name =CT
origin-date =70,000 years BPKarafet et al. (2008), [http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/abstract/gr.7172008v1 New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree] , Genome Research, DOI: 10.1101/gr.7172008]
origin-place =Northeast Africa [http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_YDNATreeTrunk07.html ISOGG] ]
ancestor =BT
descendants = CF, DE
mutations =P9.1, M168 and M294Inhuman genetics , Haplogroup CT (P9.1, M168, M294) is aY-chromosome haplogroup .Haplogroup CT contains the M168 change, which is present in all Y-chromosome haplogroups except A and B and is therefore the common ancestral type of all early migration out of Africa according to the Single origin hypothesis. The mutation is believed to have occurred 70,000 years before present in North East Africa.
Origins
The defining mutations separating CT (all haplogroups excepting A and B) are P9.1, M168 and M294. These mutations pre-date the "Out of Africa" migration. The defining mutations of DE probably occurred in Northeastern Africa some 65,000 years ago. The M130 and M216 mutations that distinguish Haplogroup C from all other descendants of CR may have occurred somewhat later, perhaps even as early as 48,500 years ago, after the first Out of Africa migration brought Homo sapiens to the southern coast of Southwest Asia. [ cite journal|title=Austro-Asiatic Tribes of Northeast India Provide Hitherto Missing Genetic Link between South and Southeast Asia|journal=PLoS ONE|date=2007-11-07|first=B. Mohan|last=Reddy|coauthors=B. T. Langstieh, Vikrant Kumar, T. Nagaraja, A. N. S. Reddy, Aruna Meka, A. G. Reddy, K. Thangaraj, Lalji Singh|volume=2|issue=11|pages=|pmid=17989774|url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17989774|format=|accessdate=2007-12-28|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0001141 ]
ubclades
*Haplogroup CF (P143) "Found outside of Africa, throughout
Eurasia ,Oceania , and the Americas"
**Haplogroup C (M130, M216) "Found in eastern Eurasia, Oceania,Japan , andNorth America "
***Haplogroup C1 (M8, M105, M131) "Found in Japan"
***Haplogroup C2 (M38) "Found inIndonesia ,New Guinea ,Melanesia ,Micronesia , andPolynesia "
***Haplogroup C3 (M217, P44) "Found throughout Eurasia and North America, but especially amongMongols ,Kazakhs ,Tungusic peoples ,Nivkhs , and Na-Dené-speaking peoples"
***Haplogroup C4 (M347) "Found among the indigenous peoples inAustralia "
***Haplogroup C5 (M356) "Found in theIndian subcontinent "
**Haplogroup F (M89, M213) "Found throughout Eurasia, Oceania, and the Americas"
*Haplogroup DE (M1, M145, M203) ca. 50 ka
**Haplogroup D (M174) "Found inTibet ,Japan , theAndaman Islands "
***Haplogroup D1 (M15)
***Haplogroup D2 (M55, M57, M64.1, M179, P37.1, P41.1 (M359.1), 12f2.2)
***Haplogroup D3 (P99)
**Haplogroup E (M40, M96)
***Haplogroup E1 (P147)
****Haplogroup E1a (formerly E1) (M33, M132)
****Haplogroup E1b (P177)
*****Haplogroup E1b1 (formerly E3) (P2, DYS391p)
******Haplogroup E1b1a (formerly E3a) (M2) "Found in sub-Saharan Africa"
******Haplogroup E1b1b (formerly E3b) (M215) "Found in East Africa (Ethiopians andSomalis ), North Africa (Berbers andArabs ), the Middle East, Europe (esp the Mediterranean and the Balkans)"
***Haplogroup E2 (M75)References
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