MV Joyita

MV "Joyita" was a merchant vessel from which 25 passengers and crew mysteriously disappeared in the South Pacific in 1955.

Vessel description and history

Vessel construction

The 69-foot (21 m) wooden ship was built in 1931 as a luxury yacht by the Wilmington Boat Works in Los Angeles for movie director Roland West. During this period, she made numerous trips south to Mexico and to the 1939-40 Golden Gate International Exposition in San Francisco. During part of this time, Chester Mills was the skipper of the vessel.

U.S. Navy service in World War II

After the attack on Pearl Harbor, she was acquired by the United States Navy and taken to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, where she was outfitted as Patrol Boat YP-108. (Another YP-108 sank near Pearl Harbor, not the Joyita). The Navy used her to patrol the big island of Hawaii until the end of WWII.

Private purchase

Dr. Katharine Luomala, a professor at the University of Hawaii, bought the ship in 1952 and chartered the boat to her friend, Captain Thomas H. "Dusty" Miller, a British-born sailor living in Samoa. Miller used the ship as a trading and fishing charter boat.

The incident at sea

Overdue and disappeared

About 5:00 AM on October 3, 1955, the "Joyita" left Samoa's Apia harbor bound for the Tokelau Islands, about 270 miles (430 km) away. The boat had been scheduled to leave on the noon tide the previous day but her departure was delayed because her port engine clutch failed. The "Joyita" eventually left Samoa on one engine. She was carrying 16 crew members and 9 passengers, including a government official, a doctor (Alfred "Andy" Denis Parsons, a WWII surgeon on his way to perform an amputation), a copra buyer, and two children. Her cargo consisted of medical supplies, timber, empty oil drums and various foodstuffs.

The voyage was expected to take between 41 and 48 hours. She was scheduled to return with a cargo of copra. The "Joyita" was scheduled to arrive in the Tokelau Islands on October 5.

On October 6 a message from Fakaofo port reported that the ship was overdue. No ship or land-based operator reported receiving a distress signal from the crew. A search and rescue mission was launched and, from 6 to 12 October, the Sunderlands of the Royal New Zealand Air Force covered a probability area of nearly 100,000 square miles (260,000 km²) of ocean during the search. But no sign of the "Joyita" nor any of her passengers or crew were found.

ighted off-course without passengers or crew

Five weeks later, on November 10, Gerald Douglas, captain of the merchant ship "Tuvalu", enroute from Suva to Funafuti sighted the "Joyita" more than 600 miles (1,000 km) from its scheduled route. The ship was partially submerged and listing heavily (her port deck rail was awash) and there was no trace of any of the passengers or crew; four tons of cargo were also missing. The recovery party noted that the radio was discovered tuned to 2182 kHz, the international marine radiotelephone distress channel.

Condition of the vessel

*Barnacle growth high above the usual waterline on the port side showed that the "Joyita" had been listing heavily for some time.

*There was some damage to the superstructure. Her flying bridge had been smashed away and the deckhouse had light damage and broken windows. A canvas awning had been rigged on top of the deckhouse behind the bridge.

*The "Joyita" carried a dinghy and 3 liferafts, but all were missing.

*The starboard engine was found to be covered by mattresses, whilst the port engine's clutch was still partially disassembled, showing that the vessel was still running on only one engine.

*An auxiliary pump had been rigged in the engine room, mounted on a plank of wood slung between the main engines. However, it had not been connected.

*The radio on board was tuned to the international distress channel, but when the equipment was inspected, a break was found in the cable between the set and the aerial. The cable had been painted over, obscuring the break. This would severely limit the range of the radio to about 2 miles (5 kilometres).

*The chronometer on board had stopped at 10:25 and the switches for the cabin lighting and navigation lights were on, implying that whatever had occurred happened at night. The ships' logbook, sextant and other navigational equipment was missing.

*A doctor's bag was found on deck containing a stethoscope, a scalpel and four lengths of blood-stained bandages.

Although the "Joyita" was found with her bilges and lower decks flooded, her hull was sound. When she was moored back in harbour at Suva, investigators heard the sound of water entering the vessel. It was found that a pipe in the raw-water circuit of the engine's cooling system had failed due to galvanic corrosion, allowing water into the bilges. The first the crew would have known about the leak was when the water rose above the engine room floorboards, by which time it would have been nearly impossible to locate the leak. Also, the bilge pumps were not fitted with strainers, and had become clogged with debris, meaning that it would have been very difficult to pump the water out.

Maritime inquiry

A subsequent inquiry found that the vessel was in a poor state of repair, but determined that the fate of the passengers and crew was "inexplicable on the evidence submitted at the inquiry". An especially inexplicable point was that the three liferafts the "Joyita" carried were missing, but it would not make sense for the crew and passengers to voluntarily abandon the vessel. Fitted out for carrying refrigerated cargo, the "Joyita" had 640 cubic feet of cork lining her holds, making her virtually unsinkable. In addition, further buoyancy was provided by a cargo of empty fuel drums.

The inquiry was only able to establish the reasons for the vessel becoming flooded. It found that the vessel would have begun to flood due to the fractured cooling pipe. The bilge pumps were unservicable due to becoming blocked. The "Joyita" lacked watertight bulkheads or subdivisions in the bilges. The water would have gradually flooded the lower decks. As the vessel began to sink lower into the water, the one remaining engine would not have been able to maintain enough speed to steer. The "Joyita" then fell beam-on to a heavy swell and took on the heavy list it was found with. Whilst flooded to an extent which would sink a conventional vessel, the "Joyita" stayed afloat due to her cork-lined hull and cargo of fuel drums.

The inquiry also placed much of the responsibility for the events on Miller. They found him reckless for setting out on an ocean-going voyage with only one engine and numerous minor faults, and negligent for failing to provide a working radio or properly equipped lifeboat. He was also in breach of maritime law, since he had allowed "Joyita's" license to carry fare-paying passengers to lapse.

The inquiry made no mention of the used medical equipment found on board.

Theories

Numerous theories for the disappearance of the "Joyita's" crew and passengers have been advanced. Many were circulated at the time of the event, and several others have been put forward since.

Given the fact that the hull of the "Joyita" was sound and her design made her unsinkable, a main concern of investigators was determining why the passengers and crew did not stay on board if the events were simply triggered by the flooding in the engine room.

Captain injured theory

Captain Miller was well aware of the vessel's ability to stay afloat, leading some to speculate that Miller had died or become incapacitated for some reason (someone on board was injured- hence the bloodstained bandages). Without him to reassure the other people on board, they had panicked when the "Joyita" began to flood and had taken to the liferafts. However, this in itself would not account for the missing cargo and equipment, unless the vessel had been found abandoned and had her cargo removed.

A friend of Miller's, Captain S. B. Brown, was convinced that Miller would never have left the "Joyita" alive, given his knowledge of her construction. He was aware of tension between Miller and his American first mate, Chuck Simpson. Brown felt that Miller and Simpson's dislike of each other came to blows and both men fell overboard or were severely injured in a struggle. This left the vessel without an experienced seaman, and would explain why those remaining on board would panic when the ship began to flood.

The "Japanese did it" and the Piracy theories

The Fiji "Times and Herald" quoted at the time from an "impeccable source" to the effect that the "Joyita" had passed through a fleet of Japanese fishing boats during its trip and "had observed something the Japanese did not want them to see." Others theorize that modern sea pirates attacked the vessel, killed the 25 passengers and crew (and cast their bodies into the ocean), and stole the missing four tons of cargo.

The Daily Telegraph theorised that some still-active Japanese forces from World War Two were to blame for the disappearances, operating from an isolated island base.

There was still strong anti-Japanese feeling in parts of the Pacific, and in Fiji there was specific resentment of Japan being allowed to operate fishing fleets in local waters. Such theories suddenly gained credance when men clearing the "Joyita" found knives stamped 'Made in Japan'. However, tests on the knives proved negative and it turned out the knives were old and broken- quite possibly left on board from when the "Joyita" was used for fishing in the late 1940s.

Insurance Fraud theory

It was also revealed that Miller had amassed large debts after a series of unsuccessful fishing trips on "Joyita". However, it would have been difficult to see the events surrounding the "Joyita" as insurance fraud, given that no seacocks were found open and the ship would be almost impossible to scuttle. Also, Miller was relying on "Joyita" being chartered for regular runs between Samoa and Tokelau- these government charters would have quickly cleared his debts.

Mutiny theory

One of "Joyita's" owners after the events of 1955, travel-writer Robin Maugham, spent many years investigating his vessel's past, and published his findings as 'The Joyita Mystery' in 1962. Maugham agreed that events were started by the flooding from the broken cooling pipe and the failure of the pumps. The mattresses found covering the starboard engine were used either in an attempt to stem the leak or to protect the electrical switchboard from spray kicked up by the engine's flywheel as the water level rose. At the same time, the "Joyita" encountered increasingly heavy swells and squally weather.

Miller, knowing the "Joyita" to be unsinkable and desperate to reach his destination to clear his debt, pressed on. However, Simpson and possibly other crew members, demanded that he turned back. This effectively led to mutiny and Miller and the crew struggled, during which Miller sustained a serious injury. By now the ship was entering heavier weather, with winds around 40 MPH (85 KPH), and with one engine and a flooded bilge, was beginning to labour. The flooding in the engine room would have eventually caused the starboard engine to fail, also cutting all the vessel's electrical power. Simpson was now in control and made the decision to abandon ship, taking the navigational equipment, logbook and supplies, as well as the injured Miller, with them. It still seems unlikely that Simpson would choose to abandon a flooded but floating ship to take to small open rafts in the Pacific Ocean.

Maugham proposed that they sighted a nearby island or reef and tried to reach it, but in the strong winds and seas the rafts were carried out to sea, leaving the Joyita drifting and empty. The damage to the lightly-built superstructure was caused by wave damage whilst the vessel was drifting in heavy seas.

The "Joyita" mystery

The "Joyita" is sometimes referred to as the "Mary Celeste" of the South Pacific" and has been the subject of several books and documentaries offering explanations that range from rational and conventional to supernatural and paranormal.

"Joyita" after 1955

In July 1956, "Joyita" was auctioned off by her owners for £2425 to a Briton, David Simpson. He refitted and overhauled her and she went to sea again that year. However, she was surrounded by legal disputes over the transfer of her registry from the USA to Britain without permission. In January 1957 she ran aground whilst carrying 13 passengers in the Koro Sea. She was repaired and in October 1958 began a regular trade between Levuka and Suva. She ran aground again in November, 1959 at Vatuvalu.

She floated off, but whilst heading for port, began to ship water through a split seam. The pumps were started, but it became clear that the valves for the pump had been installed the wrong way, meaning that water was pumped into the hull, not out. Now with a reputation as an 'unlucky ship' and with a damaged hull, she was abandoned by her owners and beached. She was stripped of useful equipment and was practically a hulk when she was bought by Robin Maugham in the early 1960s.

ee also

* Cold case
* Ghost ship
* List of shipwrecks
* List of people who have disappeared
* Piracy
* Phantom vehicle
* Shipwrecks
* "Mary Celeste"

References

* John Harris, "Without Trace: The Last Voyages of Eight Ships" (1981), Methuen, London ISBN 0-7493-0043-4
* Robin Maugham, "The Joyita Mystery", Max Parrish & Co Ltd, 1962, ISBN 0-906754-59-3
* Stephen Noakes, "The "Marie Céleste" of the South Pacific (Joyita)", Wide World Magazine, January 1965
* David G. Wright, " [http://www.auckland.ac.nz/uoa/aup/book/joyita.cfm Joyita: Solving the Mystery] ", Auckland University Press, 2002, ISBN 1-86940-270-7