Wonderbra

The Wonderbra is a type of push-up brassiere that gained worldwide prominence in the 1990s. Although the Wonderbra name was first trademarked in the U.S. in 1935,cite web| url=http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=registration&entry=612231 | title=Wonderbra Trademark #612231, United States Trademark and Patent Office | Trademark = Wonderbra | accessdate=2007-02-03] the brand was developed in Canada. Moses (Moe) Nadler, founder and majority owner of the Canadian Lady Corset Company, licensed the trademark for the Canadian market in 1939. By the 1960s the Canadian Lady brand had become known in Canada as "Wonderbra, the company." In 1961 the company introduced the Model 1300 plunge push-up bra. This bra became one of the best-selling Canadian styles and is virtually identical to today's Wonderbra.

In 1968, Canadian Lady changed its name to Canadian Lady-Canadelle Inc., was sold to Consolidated Foods (now Sara Lee Corporation), and later became Canadelle Inc. During the 1970s Wonderbra was repositioned as the company's fashionable and sexy brand, and became the Canadian market leader.Mintzberg (1984), p. 76.]

In 1991, the push-up Wonderbra became a sensation in the UK, although it had been sold there since 1964 under license by the Gossard division of Courtaulds Textiles. Sara Lee Corporation did not renew Gossard's license and redesigned the push-up style for the reintroduction of the Wonderbra to the U.S. market in 1994.cite news | last = Bowes | first = Elana | title = Playtex, Gossard gird themselves for battle of bras | publisher = Advertising Age | date = 1993-10-11] Since 1994, the Wonderbra has expanded from the single push-up design into a full-range lingerie fashion label in most of the world. In most countries, the brand emphasizes sex-appeal. In its native Canada, the brand however promotes the functional qualities of its products—a departure from the strategy that made Wonderbra the top-seller in the 1970s. [cite web| url=http://www.wonderbra.ca | title=Wonderbra Canada Website | year = 2007 | accessdate=2007-02-03]

Original "Wonder-Bra" design

Before the Second World War broke out, elastic materials were rationed and unavailable for clothing. Israel Pilot designed an improved cup with a diagonal slash, shoulder strap attachment. This innovation on existing bra design provided more comfort and freedom of movement for the wearer. [See Citeref patent|US|2245413 and cite book | last= Farrel-Beck| first = Jane | title = Uplift: The Bra in America | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press | year = 2001 | location = Philadelphia | pages = 120 | isbn = 0812236432] He also coined the name "Wonder-Bra" in 1935.

Israel Pilot's Citeref patent|US|2245413, granted in 1941, allowed for greater shoulder strap elasticity by cutting the fabric so that the weave has the greatest stretch (cutting on the "bias"). The photographs show the original patent sketches and close-ups of a bra made in the U.S. by D’Amour. The model is wearing a rare 1950s version of this original Wonder-Bra design.

History

] In Canada, the trademark lost the hyphen, and became "WonderBra," and "Wonderbra" at the U.S. reintroduction.

During the wartime years, Canadian apparel manufacturers were subject to quotas on materials. Elastics were unavailable, affecting the comfort and design of women's underwear. The diagonal slash offered a better fitting brassiere without elastics, and became a competitive advantage.

From 1939 to 1955, Canadian Lady marketed several lines of intimate apparel including girdles, panties, slips, swimsuits, and brassieres under the Wonderbra brand. The Company also created sub-brands to target different socioeconomic and lifestyle segments of the consumer market. In contrast, the U.S. market for Wonder-Bra stagnated while the brand was owned by Israel Pilot’s companies. In 1952, Canadian Lady launched Petal Burst with anticipation of tough negotiations with D'Amour—Israel Pilot's U.S. company—around the expiration of the patent in 1955. This new line also adapted to a new fashion trend towards a pointed bust, inspired by Christian Dior's "New Look". The Petal Burst by Wonderbra line was successful and delivered 50% of bra sales by 1957. [ Mintzberg (1984), p 66. ]

The post-patent negotiations were led by Moe Nadler. D'Amour no longer had leverage with a patent, but still demanded that Canadian Lady stop using the designs, and return the pattern templates. Moe Nadler ignored this demand and instead successfully acquired the Canadian, European, and Asian rights to the Wonderbra trademarks. This allowed the company to move forward into the 1960s with the brand intact. By the mid 1960s Canadian Lady was exporting and licensing the Wonderbra line to Western Europe, Australia, South Africa, Israel and the West Indies. [cite news | title = Export Trade Grows | publisher = Style - for the Canadian Women's and Children's wear trade | pages = 37 | date = 1964-06-20] In the 1970s, Canadelle acquired the remaining worldwide rights to the trademark, and licensed Giltex (a Canadian pantyhose manufacturer acquired by Sara Lee in the 1980s) to use the Wonderbra brand on hosiery in Canada.

Development of the push-up bra

In the late 1950s Moe Nadler started traveling to Europe to find new styles to bring to the Canadian market. In 1960, Wonderbra introduced a lacy, half push-up bra described in Europe as "Pigeonnant" (meaning "pigeon-breasted" in French). In 1961 Nadler directed Louise Poirier to develop a deeply plunged, laced push-up design, numbered the 1300. Canadian Lady licensed these models, among others, to Gossard in 1964. It was this Wonderbra Model 1300 design that became first a UK success in the early 1990s, a European sensation in 1993, and then the "One and Only Wonderbra" that was finally launched in the U.S. in 1994. [cite book | last= Farrel-Beck| first = Jane | title = Uplift: The Bra in America | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press | year = 2001 | location = Philadelphia | pages = 167 | isbn = 0812236432]

Canadian product, 1964 to 1980

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the majority of women were still wearing highly-structured undergarments. [cite book | last= Hill| first = Daniel Delis | title = As Seen in Vogue: A Century of American Fashion in Advertising (Costume Society of America Series) | publisher = Texas Tech University Press | year = 2005 | location = Lubbock | pages = 153 | isbn = 0896725340] Girdles were considered the ladylike norm and represented close to 40% of industry sales by volume. The 1960s also brought to Canadian Lady the challenges of feminism, fashions and the sexual revolution. The feminist movement—cultured by thought leaders like Betty Friedan and Germaine Greer—questioned the mores that defined women’s roles and appearance. Changes in fashion trends, such as pantyhose and the rise of the miniskirt, rendered the girdle unattractive and obsolete to a generation of women. [ Mintzberg (1989), p. 126.] While the intimate apparel industry fretted about bra-burning as a precursor to the decline of all foundation garment sales, women reserved their animosity for their girdles. The Canadian sales data for foundation undergarments, from 1960 to 1971, vividly demonstrates the shift in tastes. It was against this backdrop that the Canadian Lady "Corset" Company had to act. In 1964, Moe Nadler died and his son, Larry Nadler inherited control of the company. [cite news | last = Thomas | first = Sheila | title = Nadler: leading 'corsettiere' (he makes bras) | publisher = The Montreal Gazette | date = 1972-12-20] Larry Nadler was a Harvard-trained MBA and brought modern marketing strategies to the industry. [cite news | last = Wilson | first = Robert | title = Sales are shapely | publisher = The Montreal Star | date = 1972-11-06] He commissioned market research that identified women's feelings about intimate apparel. Women did not hate their bras. Rather, they saw bras as a means to feel and look beautiful, to be fashionable and sexy, and to attract men. While women sometimes went bra-less, they were making a fashion choice and not a political statement. Canadian Lady's management knew that girdles were out, but bras would remain an essential part of women's wardrobes. So during the 1960s, while competitors were cutting back on their bra marketing and diversifying into other products, Canadian Lady aggressively pursued bra market share. Mintzberg (1989), p. 127.]

Later, Larry Nadler identified an age based bifurcation in the market. Younger women (aged 15 to 20) regarded their bras as an enhancement to their sexuality but were not interested in a heavily structured garment.cite web | last=McClean | first=Clare | url=http://www.seattleweekly.com/news/0011/features-mcclean.php | title=Unhooked! The two-sided yet uplifting history of the bra | year=2000 | publisher= Seattle Weekly | accessdate=2007-02-08] Nadler learned that women wanted "less bra," not "no bra." In 1974, they introduced a new line of brassieres for teens called Dici (by Wonderbra), and invented new hot fabric molding technologies to shape the cup. [Ref patent
country=CA
number=1120229
status=patent
title=Apparatus for hot molding of material
pubdate=1982-03-23
gdate=1982-03-23
fdate=1977-10-12
pridate=1976-10-14
invent1=ASEL JOHN R
invent2= NADLER LAWRENCE A SEC
invent3=CASTONGUAY RENE SEC
invent4=ALLAIRE ROGER SEC
assign1=Canadelle Inc
assign2=
class=B29C51/08; B29C51/26B2 ] These bras were seamless and simply designed with less support than the typical bra of the period. The company designed special packaging in the shape of a die (with holes). [Mintzberg (1984), p. 67. ]

Brand development

In 1966, Canadian Lady made several important changes to their advertising strategy. They introduced television advertising and changed the emphasis from the product to the brand. Ads attempted to build consumer awareness of the single brand name: Wonderbra. Market research showed that women did not want girdles advertised on television—girdles were seen as armor against sex, while bras provided a means of attraction.Mintzberg (1984), p. 70. ]

Our Montreal office got the Wonderbra account. This was a Canadian company which held down the Number Two position in women's garmentwear. One of our copywriters came up with the line: "We care about the shape you're in." Larry Nadler, who headed the family business, was a risk-taker. He loved the line and so did we. We had it set to music and prepared a television campaign around it. The CBC turned it down, not because of the line, but because we had the audacity to show a woman in a bra. CTV had no such qualms, which proves how arbitrary the world can be. Eventually, the CBC recanted and ran the campaign. .... The result of the campaign—not just in TV, but other media as well—moved Wonderbra into a solid, first-place position in its field. [cite book | last= Goodis | first = Gerry | coauthors = Gene Okeefe | title = Goodis: Shaking the Canadian Advertising Tree | publisher = Fitzhenry & Whiteside | year = 1991| location = Markham | pages = 163–164 | isbn = 155041013X]

- Gerry Goodis, former CEO, Goodis Advertising

, the leading brand at the time, promoted the ease of care and durability of their girdles and brassieres.

Beginning in 1967, the advertising focused exclusively on Wonderbra brand brassieres. In 1968, Nadler hired Goodis Advertising to develop the new campaign. The Wonderbra ads were based on fashion and emotional appeal. In various ads, the man would appear as fashion photographer (in a fashion shoot) or fashion buyer (at a fashion show). [See examples from the original [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jygPGrAczaI 1968] , and the subsequent [http://youtube.com/watch?v=zXSCcCw3jUA 1969] Wonderbra television campaigns] The storyline suggested an attraction or budding romance between the man and the women. The voice-over and jingle featured a man's voice and the commercial showed an actual woman's torso naked except for a bra. All other television ads before this era showed brassieres on a manikin or a dressmaker's dummy to promote the functional features of the product. Every Wonderbra advertisement contained versions of the musical theme, "We care about the shape you're in. Wonderful, wonderful, Wonderbra". [ In an article written about her husband, Elaine Goldstein is given credit for coming up with the tagline. cite web | last=Arnold | first=Janice | url=http://www.cjnews.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=10119&Itemid=86 | title=Montreal Jewish lawyer named to the Senate | year=2006 | publisher= Canadian Jewish News | accessdate=2008-02-27] The 1979 television campaign included a commercial directed by Richard Avedon which won a Silver award for television advertisements shown in Canada. [See the [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Ux1_XdF9aQ 1979] Wonderbra advertisement directed by Richard Avedon]

The Dici by Wonderbra television advertisements started in 1974. [See the [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJMfc7sxYug 1974 Dici by Wonderbra] advertisement] The brand was positioned to young women as a more natural alternative to the heavily-structured bras worn by their mothers. The animated ads featured the iconic die-shaped packaging. A bra exited the box like a bird, then metamorphosed into a seagull and flew away. The tagline reinforced a spirit of freedom and nature: "Let it be Dici. Dici or nothing."

Popularity in Canada

From 1972 to 1977, the company doubled its wholesale revenue from $12.6 million to $24.9 million. By 1979 Canadelle dominated with 30% of the Canadian market and $27 million in sales. Playtex (later acquired by Sara Lee) was second. [cite news | last = Gray | first = Alan D. | title = Bra makers back from the brink | publisher = Financial Times of Canada | date = 1979-09-03] By 1980, Wonderbra's sales were over $30 million wholesale ($76 million in 2006 dollars) in a country with only 10.3 million women and girls older than 13. [cite web | last=Antweiler | first=Prof. Werner | url=http://strategy.sauder.ubc.ca/antweiler/public/pyramid.pdf | title=Canadian Population Pyramid: 1980 | year=2002 | publisher= University of British Columbia | accessdate=2007-02-03]

Worldwide reintroduction, 1991 to 1994

"I've got a couple of those Gossard Wonderbras. They are so brilliant, I swear, even I get cleavage with them."cite news | last = Prager | first = Emily | title = Underwire Wars | publisher = New York Times Magazine | date = 1994-01-16]

- Kate Moss, 1994, New York Times Magazine

Around 1991, Gossard was selling the Wonderbra lines under licenses that were to expire in January 1994. At the time, the plunge style was a good seller in the UK market. Gossard planned to renew their license and had an option to do so under the existing agreement. Instead of simply renewing the agreement, Gossard executives decided to negotiate better terms with Sara Lee.

Soon after the negotiations started, something unexpected happened. In 1992, the plunge style became a hit with British women and sales took off. Between 1991 and 1993, UK sales of that Wonderbra style quadrupled to $28 million, accounting for 12.5% of the $225 million UK branded bra market. Several factors might have contributed to this boom including "an article in British Vogue on the return of the padded bra, a Vivienne Westwood-inspired fad for corsetry and that Gaultier driven yearning for underwear as outerwear". With this surge in sales, Sara Lee decided not to renew the license with Gossard .

In 1994 in the UK, the (Sara Lee) Wonderbra achieved a high profile for its racy "Hello Boys" campaign. The most famous campaign poster presented model Eva Herzigová in a Wonderbra gazing down at her breasts with the caption "Hello Boys", ambiguously addressing either male admirers or her breasts. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/149929.stm Example of Eva Herzigová Wonderbra advertisement] [cite news | last = O'Neil| first = Sinead | title = Hello again boys! | publisher = The Sun | date = 2004-05-10] . Urban myth attributed a number of car accidents to (male) drivers being distracted by the advertisements [cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2603751.stm | title=Drivers warned over lingerie ads | date=2002-12-24 | publisher= The British Broadcasting Corp. | accessdate=2007-02-03] . The influential poster was featured in an exhibition at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London [cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19980302/ai_n14824874 | title=Power of the poster reveals a bigger picture | date=1998-03-02 | publisher= The Independent | accessdate=2007-06-22] and it was voted in at number 10 in a "Poster of the Century" contest [cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,3913043,00.html | title=Tory advert rated poster of the centruy | date=1999-10-16 | publisher= The Guardian Unlimited | accessdate=2007-06-22] .

The Playtex Division of Sara Lee was given the responsibility of introducing the "The Wonderbra" style to the United States. Although the model was already being manufactured in Montreal by Canadelle, Playtex executives decided to take a year to redesign the bra for the U.S. market. They scheduled a late 1994 national launch for the bra. During this period, Gossard introduced to Americans their Ultrabra, with a design similar to the push-up Wonderbra model. Other competitors, including Victoria's Secret Miracle Bra quickly followed while Playtex retooled the design.

The U.S. Wonderbra rollout included events with Eva Herzigová in New York's Times Square. The advertisements were toned down in comparison to the earlier UK campaign.cite web | last=Moberg | first=Matthew et al | url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~afuah/cases/case15.html | title=Sara Lee: Wonderbra | year=1999 | publisher= University of Michigan | accessdate=2007-06-22] The U.S. print and billboard advertising showed models wearing only the Wonderbra. Underneath read slogans such as "who cares if it's a bad hair day" and "look me in the eyes and tell me that you love me."cite web | last=Moberg | first=Matthew et al | url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~afuah/cases/case15.html | title=Sara Lee: Wonderbra | year=1999 | publisher= University of Michigan | accessdate=2007-02-03] The $25 Million campaign worked in conjunction to the ongoing media interest in the bra. Although Playtex promoted the authenticity of their "One and Only Wonderbra", the rapid introduction of competitive products meant that the overall U.S. market benefited from a 43% increase in push-up bra sales by the end of 1994.

Following the 1994 relaunch, The U.S. Wonderbra has expanded from the single push-up bra design to a broader lingerie line. The brand remains popular around the world as a product, and a part of our cultural lexicon. [Article in The Times, 1999-06-19, p.42, as quoted by cite book | last= Winship| first = Janice | title = Winning Women? "in Steven Miles, Alison Anderson, Kevin Meethan (eds.)" "The Changing Consumer: Markets and Meanings" | publisher = Routledge | year = 2003 | location = London | pages = 25 | isbn = 0415270421]

Recent developments

In 2006, Sara Lee sold its intimate apparel brands. The Wonderbra trademark is the property of Canadelle Limited Partnership of Canada, which is a wholly owned subsidiary of HanesBrands Inc. HanesBrands Inc. owns the license to sell and distribute apparel products under the Wonderbra trademark in all countries except the member states of the European Union, several other European nations and South Africa; in these other markets, an affiliate of Sun Capital Partners owns the license under the Dim Branded Apparel group which is headquartered in Paris. [cite news | url=http://www.bizjournals.com/triad/stories/2006/02/06/daily11.html | title=Sara Lee sells European branded apparel business | date=2006-02-06 | publisher=The Business Journal of the Greater Triad Area | accessdate=2007-02-24] [cite news | url=http://www.suncappart.com/index.php?page=pressreleases2&press=92 | title=Sun Capital Partners Press Release | date=2006-02-07 | publisher=Sun Capital Partners | accessdate=2007-02-25]

On January 3, 2007, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC-TV) broadcasted the results of their internet poll, in which Canadian respondents ranked the Wonderbra 5th out of the top 50 "Greatest Canadian Inventions" (after Insulin, the light bulb and the telephone, but ahead of the pacemaker). [cite news | url=http://www.cbc.ca/inventions/ | title=The Greatest Canadian Inventions | year=2007 | publisher= Canadian Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate=2007-02-24]

In a March 2008 survey of 3,000 UK women, the Wonderbra was reported as the greatest fashion innovation in history. According to one magazine article, survey respondents were nearly unanimous in giving push-up bras the number one position. [cite web | last=Hart | first=Meghan | url=http://www.papierdoll.net/themag/2008/03/21/wonderbra-hailed-as-greatest-fashion-invention-ever/ | title=Wonderbra Hailed as Greatest Fashion Invention Ever | year=2008 | publisher= Papierdoll Magazine | accessdate=2008-03-24]

ee also

* History of brassieres
* Wonderbra Women

References

*cite book | last= Mintzberg | first = Henry | authorlink = Henry Mintzberg | title = Tracking Strategies: Towards a General Theory of Strategy Formation | publisher = Oxford University Press, USA | year = 2007 | location = New York |isbn = 0199228507 In this update to the Wonderbra story, Prof. Mintzberg directs readers to this Wikipedia article for further information.
*cite book | last= Mintzberg | first = Henry | authorlink = Henry Mintzberg | title = Mintzberg on Management | publisher = McMillan Inc | year = 1989 | location = New York |isbn = 0029213711
*cite book | last= Mintzberg | first = Henry | authorlink = Henry Mintzberg | coauthors = James Waters | title = Researching the Formation of Strategies: The History of Canadian Lady, 1939–1976 "in R.B. Lamb (ed.)" "Competitive Strategic Management" | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 1984 | location = New York | isbn = 0131549723
*Ref patent
country=US
number=2245413
status=patent
title=Undergarment
pubdate=1941-06-10
gdate=1941-06-10
fdate=1940-03-23
pridate=1940-03-23
invent1=Israel Pilot
invent2=
assign1=
assign2=
class=A41C3/00

Footnotes

External links

* [http://www.wonderbra.com Official U.S. Wonderbra website]
* [http://www.wonderbra.ca Official Canadian Wonderbra website]
* [http://www.cbc.ca/inventions Canadian Broadcasting Corp. The Greatest Canadian Invention]
* 1960s - 1970s Canadian Wonderbra Television Ads:* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jygPGrAczaI 1968 Original Wonderbra Television Ad] :* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_P0SpJpY6w 1968 Wonderbra Television Ad - Fashion Shoot in Studio] :* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXSCcCw3jUA 1969 Wonderbra Television Ad - Woman in bra] :* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJMfc7sxYug 1974 Dici by Wonderbra Television Ad - Teens] :* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xsa5pHQuhRk 1975 Wonderbra Television Ad] :* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Ux1_XdF9aQ 1979 Wonderbra Television Ad - Directed by Richard Avedon]