John Leslie (physicist)

Infobox Scientist
name = John Leslie
box_width =


image_width =150px
caption = John Leslie
birth_date = April 10, 1766
birth_place =
death_date = November 3, 1832
death_place =
residence =
citizenship =
nationality = Scottish
ethnicity =
field = mathematician and physicist
work_institutions =
alma_mater =
doctoral_advisor =
doctoral_students =
known_for = heat
author_abbrev_bot =
author_abbrev_zoo =
influences =
influenced =
prizes =
religion =
footnotes =

Sir John Leslie (April 10, 1766 - November 3, 1832) was a Scottish mathematician and physicist best remembered for his research into heat.

Leslie gave the first modern account of capillary action in 1802 and froze water using an air-pump in 1810, the first artificial production of ice.

In 1804, he experimented with radiant heat using a cubical vessel filled with boiling water. One side of the cube is composed of highly polished metal, two of dull metal (copper) and one side painted black. He showed that radiation was greatest from the black side and negligible from the polished side. The apparatus is known as Leslie's cube.

Early life

Leslie was born of humble parentage at Largo in Fife and received his early education there and at Leven. In his thirteenth year, encouraged by friends who had even then remarked his aptitude for mathematical and physical science, he entered the University of St Andrews. On the completion of his arts course, he nominally studied divinity at Edinburgh until 1787.

From 1788-1789 he spent rather more than a year as private tutor in a Virginian family, and from 1791 till the close of 1792 he held a similar appointment at Etruria, Staffordshire, with the family of Josiah Wedgwood, employing his spare time in experimental research and in preparing a translation of Buffon's "Natural History of Birds", which was published in nine volumes in 1793, which brought him moneyHe died when he was 66.

Middle years

For the next twelve years (passed chiefly in London or at Largo, with an occasional visit to the continent of Europe) he continued his physical studies, which resulted in numerous papers contributed by him to Nicholson's "Philosophical Journal", and in the publication (1804) of the "Experimental Inquiry into the Nature and Properties of Heat", a work which gained him the Rumford Medal of the Royal Society of London.

In 1805 he was elected to succeed John Playfair in the chair of mathematics at Edinburgh, not, however, without violent, though unsuccessful, opposition on the part of a narrow-minded clerical party who accused him of heresy in something he had said as to the unsophisticated notions of mankind about the relation of cause and effect.

During his tenure of this chair he published two volumes of "A Course of Mathematics"-the first, entitled "Elements of Geometry, Geometrical Analysis and Plane Trigonometry", in 1809, and the second, "Geometry of Curve Lines", in 1813; the third volume, on "Descriptive Geometry and the Theory of Solids" was never completed. With reference to his invention (in 1810) of a process of artificial congelation, he published in 1813 "A Short Account of Experiments and Instruments depending on the relations of Air to Heat and Moisture"; and in 1818 a paper by him, "On certain impressions of cold transmitted from the higher atmosphere, with an instrument (the aethrioscope) adapted to measure them", appeared in the "Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh".

Later years

In 1819, on the death of Playfair, he was promoted to the more congenial chair of natural philosophy, which he continued to hold until his death, and in 1823 he published, chiefly for the use of his class, the first volume of his never-completed Elements of Natural Philosophy. Leslie's main contributions to physics were made by the help of the differential thermometer, an instrument whose invention was contested with him by Count Rumford. By adapting to this instrument various ingenious devices he was enabled to employ it in a great variety of investigations, connected especially with photometry, hygroscopy and the temperature of space. In 1820 he was elected a corresponding member of the Institute of France, the only distinction of the kind which he valued, and early in 1832 he was created a knight. He died at Coates, a small property which he had acquired near Largo.

Works

*"An Experimental Inquiry into the Nature and Propagation of Heat" (1804)
*"Philosophy of Arithmetic; Exhibiting a Progressive View of the Theory and Practice of Calculation, with an Enlarged Table of the Products of Numbers under One Hundred" (1817).

ee also

*atmometer (evaporimeter)
*Timeline of low-temperature technology

References

*1911