John D. Kraus

John D. Kraus
Born	June 28, 1910(1910-06-28) Ann Arbor, Michigan
Died	July 18, 2004(2004-07-18) (aged 94)
Residence	United States
Nationality	American
Fields	Physics
Institutions	Ohio State University Harvard University University of Michigan
Alma mater	University of Michigan
Notable awards	IEEE Edison Medal

John Daniel Kraus (June 28, 1910 – July 18, 2004) was an American physicist known for his contributions to electromagnetics, radio astronomy, and antenna theory. His inventions included the helical antenna, the corner reflector, and several other types of antennas. He designed the Big Ear radio telescope at Ohio State University, which was constructed mostly by a team of OSU students and was used to carry out the Ohio Sky Survey. Kraus held a number of patents and published widely.^[1]

Personal

Kraus was born in 1910 in Ann Arbor, Michigan. He received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Michigan in 1933.

Career

Following the completion of his doctorate, Kraus was a member of the research team in nuclear physics at the University of Michigan, helping to design and build the school's new 100-ton cyclotron. During World War II he worked on degaussing ships for the United States Navy and on radar countermeasures at Harvard University. ^[2]

After the war, Kraus joined Ohio State University, later becoming the director of the Radio Observatory and McDougal Professor (Emeritus) of Electrical Engineering and Astronomy.^[3]

Sputnik I

In 1958, while he was at Ohio State, Dr. Kraus used the signal of radio station WWV to track the disintegration of Russian satellite Sputnik I. Kraus knew that a meteor entering the upper atmosphere leaves in its wake a small amount of ionized air. This air reflects a stray radio signal back to Earth, strengthening the signal at the surface for a few seconds. This effect is known as meteor scatter. Kraus predicted that what was left of Sputnik would exhibit the same effect, but on a larger scale. His prediction was correct; WWV's signal was noticeably strengthened for durations lasting over a minute. In addition, the strengthening came from a direction and at a time of day that agreed with predictions of the paths of Sputnik's last orbits. Using this information, Dr. Kraus was able to draw up a complete timeline of Sputnik's disintegration. His data also led him to conclude that satellites do not fail as one unit. Instead, his data indicated that the spacecraft broke up into its component parts as it moved closer to the Earth.^[4][5]

Bibliography

• Antennas, 1950, 1st edition, published by McGraw-Hill was a monumental work, in which the helical antenna Kraus invented is described in detail (Chapter 7). Even though mathematical rigor and the attention to detail was typical of the time, this book set standards and was referred to by many as the Antenna Bible. The second edition also single-handedly authored by Kraus was published in 1988 was a major upgrade of the work, incorporating the latest developments, though lacking some of the details of the first edition, to which the second frequently refers for mathematical deductions. For the third edition Ronald J. Marhefka joined Kraus as author/editor with many chapters written by renowned experts in their field and updated the book with respect to computer modeling and terahertz waves. The title was changed to Antennas for all Applications:
• Antennas for all Applications, Kraus, Ronald J. Marhefka, McGraw-Hill 2002 (ISBN 007123201X).

• Big Ear.

• Electromagnetics, published by Mc-Graw Hill (ISBN 0071164294).

• Our Cosmic Universe

• Radio Astronomy, published by Cygnus-Quasar (ISBN 0070353921).
  (Often referred to as a "classic text and reference book".)

Honors and awards

• U.S. Navy Meritorious Civilian Service Award, 1946.
• Elected to Fellow of the IEEE, 1954.
• Elected to member of the National Academy of Engineering, 1972.^[6]
• Joseph Sullivant Medal from the Ohio State University, 1970.^[7]
• Outstanding Achievement Award, the University of Michigan, 1981.
• IEEE Centennial Medal, 1984.
• IEEE Edison Medal, 1985.^[8]
• IEEE Heinrich Hertz Medal, 1990.^[9]
• Twice the Distinguished Achievement Award from the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, 1985 and 2003.^[10]

References

1. ^ Kawa, Barry: 'Big Ear' designer a pioneer in field, The Plain Dealer, September 18, 1994.
2. ^ "John D. Kraus". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/John_D._Kraus. Retrieved 25 July 2011. 
3. ^ John D. Kraus, W8JK, SK, American Radio Relay League, 21 July 2004.
4. ^ "Science Notes: Death of a Sputnik Traced by New Radio System". The New York Times: pp. E11. January 19, 1958. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20D14F7355E107B93CBA8178AD85F4C8585F9. Retrieved 2009-11-03. 
5. ^ "Science: Slow Death". Time. January 27, 1958. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,864206,00.html. Retrieved 2009-11-03. 
6. ^ "NAE Members Directory - Dr. John D. Kraus". NAE. http://www.nae.edu/MembersSection/Directory20412/29064.aspx. Retrieved June 5, 2011 (2011-06-05). 
7. ^ "Joseph Sullivant Medal Awards". Ohio State University. http://www.osu.edu/universityawards/dsa/sullivant.html. Retrieved June 7, 2011 (2011-06-07). 
8. ^ "IEEE Edison Medal Recipients". IEEE. http://www.ieee.org/documents/edison_rl.pdf. Retrieved June 5, 2011 (2011-06-05). 
9. ^ "IEEE Heinrich Hertz Medal Recipients". IEEE. http://www.ieee.org/documents/hertz_rl.pdf. Retrieved June 5, 2011 (2011-06-05). 
10. ^ "Past Awards". IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society. http://www.ieeeaps.org/pdfs/Past_Awards_2010.pdf. Retrieved June 5, 2011 (2011-06-05). 

External links

• Books by Kraus offered by Cygnus-Quasar Books
• Obituary at bigear.org

See also

• Reber Radio Telescope
• Grote Reber
• Karl Jansky
• Astronomical radio source

Persondata
Name	Kraus, John Daniel
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	June 28, 1910
Place of birth	Ann Arbor, Michigan
Date of death	July 18, 2004
Place of death