Unwinnable

Unwinnable is a state in many text adventures, graphical adventure games and computer role-playing games where it is impossible for the player to win the game (not due to a bug but by design), and where the only other options are restarting the game, loading a previously saved game, wandering indefinitely, or meeting death. It is also known as a walking dead, dead end or zombie situation.

"Unwinnable" should not be confused with "unbeatable," which is used to describe a character, monster, or puzzle that is too powerful or difficult to be overcome by the player or character at a lower standing, and is normally found in computer role-playing games. This state is not unwinnable because it can be solved by leveling up (unless, of course, the player is unable to reach any sufficiently weak monsters at all, which occasionally occurs).

Occurrences

Walking dead situations occur due to an earlier mistake or oversight by the player that cannot be corrected (compare with "point of no return"), for example the player has lost or destroyed an essential object, became trapped in a place with no exit, failed to complete a puzzle within a time or turn limit, or failed to interact with a non-player character to meet a subgoal. Other ways to enter such a state include exploiting a cheat that changes the game mechanics, or upon finding a bug in the map continuity.

Since there is no hope for an optimal ending (or, in many cases, "any" ending), and there is no indication that the game is now unwinnable since the main character is still alive, the player is often blocked from further progress but does not die. Thinking that the problem relies on a puzzle he hasn't solved "yet", he is reduced to trying increasingly outlandish actions to find a way out of this 'trap': hence the term "zombie" or "walking dead". The player rarely knows exactly what caused the dead-end situation, which can cause severe frustration. Some players prefer to either cheat or rely on walkthroughs in order to finish games that can result in dead end situations.

A very general example of a "walking dead" scenario: a game starts in, or at one point the player must enter, a cave. As soon as the player leaves the cave, it collapses and can not be reentered. Later, the player finds a house with a locked front door. The key to the house is in the cave — but if the player did not search the cave thoroughly before leaving, the door can never be unlocked. The player, not knowing this, will think that he will find a key or some way to enter the house so he will keep looking until he reads a walkthrough, or decides to restart the game.

Reasons

The early generations of text adventure games tended to have a lot of chances that could lead you to unwinnable states, as a way to make a game deeper and more challenging; this kind of game design was not yet considered unfair. It was usually considered a product of the game's difficulty rather than poor design and encouraged (or, as its opponents would say, "forced") replayability. Veteran players created save files before every major action to avoid making the game unwinnable. Some games let the "undo" command take back an action or event, including the player's death, but many designers considered this cheating. Other games limited the use to one undo over a certain number of turns. In the case of unlimited undos these could be used instead of multiple save files.

The undo/save features, however, did little good in cases where the player had to replay half the game in order to correct a mistake he made much earlier.

Infocom's "Zork" was particularly notorious for leaving players in unwinnable situations without clueing them in. Many other early Infocom games deliberately had the same issues, as a means of extending playing time to justify their cost. Mike Dornbrook, Infocom's head of marketing, conducted a customer survey in late 1984 which showed a distinct correlation between the Infocom games players considered their favorites, and the games they had actually finished. This piece of marketing intelligence led to the more foolproof design of "Wishbringer" and later games.

Some work has been done on automatically verifying winnability and losability in interactive fiction by the [http://gram.cs.mcgill.ca/paperspubs.php gr@m] group at McGill University.

Modern graphical adventures are much more resource-intensive, and it can be an arduous task to search through earlier parts of such a game for a missed object. Therefore, 'dead ends' have recently come to be equated with design flaws that designers overlooked, bugs or poor game design.

As a generalization, Sierra's graphical adventures during the '80s and early '90s tended to contain walking dead situations, whereas LucasArts often boasted that most of their games could not result in a dead end. Although some die-hard adventure purists scorned such practices as "dumbing down games for the masses", more game companies adopted the approach over time, like Sierra, whose previous games e.g. "King's Quest V" and "" are rather notorious for their sheer amount of zombie situations. Space Quest 5 marked a departure from Sierra's traditional zombie situations and deliberately contained only one, which informed the player when it was triggered in order to give them a fighting chance to reload and try again without excessive wandering.

In text-only interactive fiction, unclued unwinnable states have also gone out of fashion, and are now considered apt only for games specifically designed to be difficult and unforgiving (such as Varicella).

Notable examples

*"The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy": Early on in the game, the player character is presented with the opportunity to pick up a massive pile of junk mail while in his house. Later on in the game, the player must use the junk mail in the notorious "Babel Fish Dispenser" puzzle, and the need for the junk mail arises only after testing it several times. The junk mail is, at that point, inaccessible, as it has been destroyed along with the rest of the planet Earth. Also destroyed are the screwdriver and toothbrush from the very first scene, which are necessary to finish the final puzzle at the very end of the game.
**One should also mention that you need to give a dog a sandwich very early in the game or the game will become unwinnable. This is not evident until the very last part of the game.

*"King's Quest IV": Rosella is stranded on an islet. Behind a rock there is a bridle (which is not visible, nor hinted at, and can be found only by explicit searching) which she will use to ride the Unicorn later on after she leaves the islet. There is no way to return to the islet after she has left.

*"King's Quest V": Early in the game a rat may be eaten by the cat simply by walking past the bakery. Through no action of your own the rat may die and the game will become unwinnable because the rat must be alive later in the game to progress. Even more confounding is the fact that in order to save the rat, you must have found a boot in the desert, which you are unlikely to find unless you are deliberately searching for it. Also, you are given a pie at one point in the game. If you eat the pie or feed it to a starving vulture, you are unable to defeat a later enemy.

*"Leisure Suit Larry 2": Before the player leaves the cruise ship, Larry must obtain several items - including a soda, a wig, and some thread - in order to survive on the lifeboat. Later in the game, he must obtain a knife, a pin, a parachute, and a bottle before boarding an airplane, all of which are needed later.

*"Space Quest I": At one point, someone offers to give you money as a trade for your hovercraft. You need to refuse his deal, leave, come back, and accept his new offer in which he offers both money and a jetpack. If you take his original offer, however, later in the game you will die at a point in which you must have a jetpack.

*"Space Quest II": While exploring the final area (Vohaul's asteroid base) the player can encounter a creature resembling a xenomorph from the "Alien" films. If the creature manages to catch Roger Wilco, it will menace him right before romantically kissing Roger on the mouth, safely leaving him be afterwards. Despite the seemingly false alarm, the encounter is in fact deadly, because an alien will now always burst out of Roger's chest without warning (in a fashion similar to the movies) right when the player is about to finish the game. The result is a subversively ironic walking dead scenario for the entire last section of the game.

*"Tass Times in Tonetown": There is an innocuous item right near the start of the game in Gramps' cabin, a book, that is used almost literally right before the game's end to complete it (one of the last three steps). Gramps' cabin cannot be revisited after warping to Tonetown, thus the player could play through almost the entire game before realizing that the book is needed to finish it.

*"Legend of Kyrandia": In Book One: Of Fables and Fiends, protagonist Brandon drinks a potion to turn himself into a pegasus and fly over the sea. Once he's landed, he must put a flower on his mother's grave who'll give him the power of invisibility. Later, he will have to open the gate of the castle by using a special key that can only be found deep in the Serpent Grotto maze. If the player doesn't have the key or a flower, the power will not be granted, the gate will not be opened and the game becomes unwinnable. Also, at one point, you can be bitten by a poison snake. You can still continue, and even save. However, unless you have a specific healing ability, you will die in a few turns.

*"Return to Zork": If the player commits murder on any non-player character, the game still continues, however at some point soon thereafter a character called the vigilante appears, chastises the player, and takes all items in the player's inventory. This renders the game unwinnable, however the player may continue in a "walking dead" mode if he/she believes the vigilante simply hid the items somewhere, since similar characters steal items in games such as "Colossal Cave Adventure", yet the player is usually able to retrieve them.

*"Douglas Adams' Starship Titanic": At the very beginning of the game you are required to pick up a photo showing the sky above your in-game house. This photo is used in the final puzzle of the game, so if the player is careless with the picture and inadvertently loses it in the Succ-U-Bus system then the game is unwinnable.

*"Jungle of Doom": At the beginning of the game, the player is able to look inside a plane, finding items such as clay and needles. Later, the player will be unable to get back to the plane, and at a later point will get captured by a witch doctor. The clay and needles are needed to escape from the witch doctor; if the player does not have these items, the game becomes unwinnable.

*"": There are many instances in the game where the player can purposefully or unwittingly kill an important NPC and make further progress in the main storyline impossible to pursue. the game, however, warns you of what you have done so that you may return to an earlier state and not kill that person. This however, is not a true example of a 'walking dead' situation, as the game features an alternate method of completing the game, bypassing possibly the entire main quest.

*"I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream": There are severals actions that can lead to a game that cannot be finished. For instance, if Gorrister kills Harry before he can tell all necessary information, the game becomes unwinnable.

*" [http://www.gb64.com/oldsite/gameofweek/9/gotw_willowpattern.htm The Willow Pattern] " In this action adventure game the player collects swords, that are in limited supply. The swords are used to kill only one enemy. Most enemies cannot be bypassed, so killing them is needed to advance. If player kills wrong enemies with the swords or accidentally throws one out of the screen, he usually ends up in a situation, where he cannot advance because he has no weapon to kill the enemies required to advance. This can happen despite the fact that the player has still multitude of lives left. Only in a few rooms a suicide can help, because the next life of player character will start on the other side of the enemy. It can also sometimes give the player an opportunity to continue, but game can be still unwinnable later, when the player has to return and still has no sword to kill the same enemy, who now block player from returning. Likewise it is possible that dying in wrong room will result the game became unwinnable, because the start position can be on the wrong side of an enemies, which cannot be killed due to the lack of swords to do so.

ee also

* Guess-the-verb
* Hunt-the-pixel