- Jumala
[http://books.google.com/books?id=4BxvGd3c9OYC&pg A History of Pagan Europe, P. 181] ISBN 0415091365 ] means "god" in
Baltic-Finnic languages andVolga-Finnic languages , both theChristian God and any otherdeity of any religion. The word is thought to have been the name of a sky god of the ancient Finnic-speaking peoples. Jumala as a "god of the sky" is associated with the related Estonian Jumal, Mari Jumo, Udmurt Inmar, Komi Jen, Nenets Num, and Bjarmian Jomali and is thought to stem from an ancient Finno-Ugric (or Uralic) "god of the sky" tradition. [ [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-65427/Finno-Ugric-religion Finno-Ugric religion :: High gods - Britannica Online Encyclopedia ] ] [http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic48-3-235.pdf]Jumal
In
Estonia , Jumal was the name of the god of the sky. He was believed to make the earth fertile through the rains of the summer's thunderstorms. Among the south Estonians, he was represented by a wooden statue in their homes.Jumala
In
Finland , Jumala was the name of two of theFinns ' sky gods, or one of two names for the sky god (cf.Ilmarinen ).According to John Martin Crawford in the preface to his translation of the
Kalevala ::"The Finnish deities, like the ancient gods of
Italy ,Greece ,Egypt , VedicIndia or any ancientcosmogony , are generally represented in pairs, and all the gods are probably wedded. They have their individual abodes and are surrounded by their respective families. ... The heavens themselves were thought divine. Then a personal deity of the heavens, coupled with the name of his abode, was the next conception; finally this sky-god was chosen to represent the supreme Ruler. To the sky, the sky-god, and the supreme God, the term Jumala (thunder-home) was given." [ [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/kveng/ The Kalevala Index ] ]Later on, the sky itself was called "taivas" (sky or heaven) and the sky-god
Ukko . However, when Christianity came to dominate Finnish religious life in the Middle Ages and the old gods were ousted or consolidated away from the pantheon, Jumala became the Finnish name for the Christian God and the Finnish word for "god".See also
*
Ukko
*Svarga , the thunder abode ofIndra the thunder deity who rules the heavenly abodes.References
*"
Nationalencyklopedin "
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