Pemigewasset Wilderness

Infobox_protected_area | name = Pemigewasset Wilderness Area
iucn_category = Ib

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caption = Map of the United States
base_width =
locator_x = 260
locator_y = 36
location = New Hampshire, United States
nearest_city = Lincoln, New Hampshire
lat_degrees = 44
lat_minutes = 06
lat_seconds = 45
lat_direction = N
long_degrees = 71
long_minutes = 31
long_seconds = 36
long_direction = W
area = convert|45000|acre|km2|0

established = 1984
visitation_num =
visitation_year =
governing_body = United States Forest Service

The Pemigewasset Wilderness is a convert|45000|acre|km2|0|sing=on federally-designated Wilderness Area in the heart of New Hampshire's White Mountains. It is a part of the White Mountain National Forest.

The Wilderness Area consists of the upper watershed of the East Branch of the Pemigewasset River, and includes the Franconia, Twin, Zealand, and Hancock mountain ranges. As a result of the region's rugged character, the Pemigewasset Wilderness is a popular recreation area; its large trail network receives heavy use, in the form of hiking, cross-country skiing, and others, throughout the year.

The area is also noted for its ecological recovery from the logging era of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. After years of unchecked clear-cutting, the area's inclusion in the White Mountain National Forest and later designation as a Wilderness Area has led to a substantial rebound in the forest ecosystem.

Geography

The Pemigewasset Wilderness consists of two horseshoe-shaped "lobes" characterized by relatively low, wet river valleys surrounded by high mountain ridges.Daniell, Gene, and Smith, Steven D. "White Mountain Guide". 27th ed. AMC Books, 2003. ISBN 1-929173-22-9. 150]

Western lobe

The western lobe is enclosed by the Franconia, Twin, and Bond Ranges; moving clockwise from the south near the Lincoln Woods trailhead, the ridge ascends Potash Knob (2684 ft/818 m), an unnamed peak (3060 ft/933 m), and Whaleback Mountain (2586 ft/1093 m) before reaching Franconia Ridge itself at the ledgy summit of (5260 ft/1603).

From the summit of Lafayette, the ridge, thence known as Garfield Ridge, makes its way toward the Twin Range. It passes over a small subsidiary peak of Lafayette before descending abruptly into the scrub below timberline; after several small knobs, the summits of Garfield (4500 ft/1372 m) and Galehead (4024 ft/1227 m) Mountains are crossed, and the ridge breaks into the open and begins a steep climb to the summit of South Twin Mountain (4902 ft/1494 m). Daniell and Smith 167] As a spur ridge extends north to North Twin Mountain (4761 ft/1451 m), the main ridge makes a southward turn and runs in the open to the summit of Mount Guyot (4580 ft/1396 m). Daniell and Smith 173] Enclosing the western lobe, the Bond Range extends south from Guyot, passing over Mount Bond (4698 ft/1432 m) and Bondcliff (4265 ft/1300 m) before descending sharply into the woods to the East Branch of the Pemigewasset.Daniell and Smith 196-197] .

In the center of the western lobe is the long, broad ridge of Owl's Head (4025 ft/1227 m), which rises abruptly from the valley of Lincoln Brook and extends north for roughly 3 miles (4.8 km) to a low saddle connecting it to Garfield Ridge. Almost completely encircling Owl's Head are two tributaries of the East Branch, Lincoln Brook and Franconia Branch; Lincoln Brook drains the east face of Franconia Ridge, while Franconia Branch drains the southern and western faces of the Twin and Bond Ranges through Twin, Redrock, and Hellgate Brooks..

Eastern lobe

The eastern lobe of the Pemigewasset Wilderness is flatter than the west and also far more poorly defined. The "boundary wall" formed in the west by the Franconia, Twin, and Bond Ranges is present in the eastern lobe to a degree, but is less obvious and often extends outside the boundary of the official Wilderness designation.

From Mount Guyot, the eastern lobe's main ridge continues east rather than following the Bond Range to the south. Passing over Zealand Mountain (4260 ft/1298 m) and a small knob known as Zeacliff Pond Peak (4060 ft/1237 m), the ridge reaches an abrupt end at Zeacliff, a dramatic overlook into Zealand Notch.Smith, Steven D., and Mike Dickerman. The 4000 Footers of the White Mountains. Littleton, NH: Bondcliff Books, 2001. 134-135] From Zeacliff, the Wilderness Boundary plunges into the notch following the Twinway trail, and follows the Ethan Pond Trail into the flatter sections of the lobe. After a few miles, the boundary picks up the ridge of Mount Lowell, and runs over Mount Nancy (3926 ft/1197 m), Mount Anderson (3740 ft/1140 m), and near the summit of Lowell itself (3740 ft/1140 m) before crossing Carrigain Notch and rising to Vose Spur (3862 ft/1177 m) and the summit of Mount Carrigain (4700 ft/1433 m).Daniell and Smith 206-207] Confined to a more obvious ridge at this point, the boundary passes over The Captain (3540 ft/1079 m) and the main summit of Mount Hancock (4420 ft/1347 m) before descending to the East Branch across from Bondcliff via Mount Hitchcock (3620 ft/1103 m) and its several small knobs.

The East Branch of the Pemigewasset drains the eastern lobe through a number of small streams. Mounts Hancock and Carrigain are drained by Crystal, Carrigain, and Notch Brooks, while the center drains to the North Fork of the Pemigewasset and Shoal Pond Brook.

Geology

While most of the White Mountains consist of highly metamorphicized schists and gneisses formed during the Acadian Orogeny, the Pemigewasset Wilderness is part of the White Mountain Batholith and is therefore composed primarily of the igneous White Mountain plutonic-volcanic rock series.Billings, Marland P. The Geology of New Hampshire: Part II-Bedrock Geology. Concord, New Hampshire: The New Hampshire State Planning and Development Commission, 1980. 69-88.]

The Franconia and Twin Ranges form a massive ring dike in the western half of the White Mountain Batholith made up of a granite porphyry backbone that emerged roughly 170 million years ago. Billings, Marland P. The Geology of New Hampshire: Part II-Bedrock Geology. Concord, New Hampshire: The New Hampshire State Planning and Development Commission, 1980. 69-88.] "Geographic Marvels of the Northeast." AMC Outdoors. Sept. 2006. AMC. 25 Mar. 2007 .] This rock appears pink, red, green or grey, with medium-sized phenocrysts. Such phenocrysts, usually quartz or feldspar, make up 20%-40% of the rock, and are embedded in a groundmass of similar composition. Enclosed by the ring dike and extending in to the flat floor of the wilderness is a large area of biotite and amphibole granite.Creasy, John. "BEDROCK GEOLOGY OF THE EASTERN WHITE MOUNTAIN BATHOLITH, NORTH CONWAY AREA, NEW HAMPSHIRE." Bates College Geology. Bates College. 25 Mar. 2007 .]

References

ee also

*List of U.S. Wilderness Areas
*Wilderness Act

External links

* [http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=NWPS&sec=wildView&WID=450 Pemigewasset Wilderness] - Wilderness.net
* [http://roadless.fs.fed.us/profiles/r9/pemi/index.shtml Roadless Area Profiles] - USDA Forest Service