Leopoldo Zea Aguilar

Leopoldo Zea (born Leopoldo Zea Aguilar, Mexico City, June 30, 1912 - June 8, 2004) was a Mexican philosopher.

One of the integral Latin Americanism thinkers in history, Zea became famous thanks to his master's thesis, "El Positivismo en México" ("Positivism in Mexico" - 1943), with which he applied and studied positivism in the context of his country and the world during the transition between the 19th and 20th centuries. With it he began the defense of the American Integration, first suggested by the Liberator and Statesman Simón Bolívar, giving it his own interpretation based in the context of neocolonialism during the separation of the American Empire and Mexico.

In his works, Zea demonstrates that historical facts aren't independent from ideas, and that they do not arise from what is considered unusual, but from simple reactions to certain situations of human life.

In his vision of a united Latin America, he defended his beliefs concerning the place of mankind in the region. Zea explained that the "discovery" of 1492 was nothing more than a "concealment" in cultural and known terms, a product of the ideological cross-breeding of the configuration of the Latin American identity, a matter which he revealed on the 5th centenary in 1992. Later, he studied the ontological analysis of Latin America in the cultural and geo-historical planes.

Being of poor origin, Zea worked in 1933 in the office of "Telégrafos Nacionales" to help afford the costs of his secondary and university education.

Zea was associated with the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) beginning with his training as a Professor and Philosopher in 1943. In 1947 he founded the Faculty of Philosophy and gave lectures on History of ideas in America. In 1954, he was appointed to a full-time position as a researcher at the Philosophical Studies Center of the University. In 1966 he became Director of the Faculty, holding this position until 1970. During his time as Director he founded the Latin American Studies College (in 1966) and later founded the Coordination and Propagation Center of the UNAM Latin American Studies (1978). He received multiple awards including the Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes in 1980, the Premio Interamericano de Cultura "Gabriela Mistral" (of the OAS) and the Medalla Belisario Domínguez (of the Senate of Mexico) in 2000. Three years later he was cataloged and honored by the UNAM as the oldest professor to work continually without interruptions until his death.

Zea was compared to many diverse political, revolutionary, and intellectual personalities, such as Germán Arciniegas (who was his friend), Che Guevara, José Gaos (his mentor), Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, Andrés Bello, Simón Bolívar, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento and others.

His philosophy embodied his concept of a united Latin America, not in the terms of a utopia, but based in reality, and the renewal of the fight for a people in demand for said change. As a result, he opened up the discourse to other scholars of the subject in the future.

Publications

*"Superbus Philosophus"
*"El positivismo en México. Nacimiento, apogeo y decadencia"
*"Apogeo y decadencia del positivismo en México"
*"En torno a una filosofía americana"
*"Esquema para una historia del pensamiento en México"
*"Ensayos sobre filosofía de la historia"
*"Dos etapas del pensamiento en Hispanoamérica"
*"Conciencia y posibilidad del mexicano"
*"La filosofía como compromiso y otros ensayos"
*"América como conciencia"
*"La conciencia del hombre en la filosofía. Introducción a la filosofía"
*"El Occidente y la conciencia de México"
*"América en la conciencia de Europa"
*"La filosofía en México"
*"Del liberalismo a la revolución en la educación mexicana"
*"Esquema para una historia de las ideas en Iberoamérica"
*"América en la historia"
*"Las ideas en Iberoamérica en el siglo XIX"
*"La cultura y el hombre de nuestros días"
*"Democracia y dictaduras en Latinoamérica"
*"Dos ensayos"
*"Latinoamérica y el mundo"
*"Europa al margen de Occidente"
*"Antología del pensamiento social y político en América Latina"
*"Latinoamérica en la formación de nuestro tiempo"
*"El pensamiento latinoamericano"
*"Antología de la filosofía americana contemporánea"
*"La filosofía americana como filosofía sin más"
*"Colonización y descolonización de la cultura latinoamericana"
*"La esencia de lo americano"
*"Latinoamérica. Emancipación y neocolonialismo"
*"Los precursores del pensamiento latinoamericano contemporáneo"
*"Dependencia y liberación en la cultura latinoamericana"
*"Dialéctica de la conciencia americana"
*"La filosofía actual en América Latina" (Coauthor)
*"Filosofía latinoamericana"
*"Filosofía y cultura latinoamericanas"
*"Latinoamérica, Tercer Mundo"
*"Filosofía de la historia americana"
*"Pensamiento positivista latinoamericano" (Selection and prologue)
*"Simón Bolívar, integración en libertad"
*"Desarrollo de la creación cultural latinoamericana"
*"Latinoamérica en la encrucijada de la historia"
*"Sentido de la difusión cultural de América Latina"
*"Latinoamérica, un nuevo humanismo"
*"La transformación de la filosofía latinoamericana"
*"Filosofía de lo americano"
*"América como autodescubrimiento"
*"El problema cultural de América"
*"Discurso desde la marginación y la barbarie"

External links

* [http://cvc.cervantes.es/actcult/zea/ Leopoldo Zea in the Centro Virtual Cervantes] Biography, chronology, critical studies, interview, anthology, bibliography
* [http://www.ensayistas.org/filosofos/mexico/zea/ Leopoldo Zea in the Proyecto Ensayo Hispánico] Biography, work, bibliography, anthology, critical studies
* [http://lit.polylog.org/1/esh-es.htm The ‘philosophy of liberation’ in Latin America at the end of the 20th century] by Hans Schelkshorn
* [http://www.uca.edu.sv/deptos/letras/enplural/articulos/art05.htm “History of the Ideas” and Leopoldo Zea] by María Ester Chamorro
* [http://www.tau.ac.il/eial/III_1/medin.htm About the humanism of Leopoldo Zea] by Tzvi Medin
* [http://www.unesco.org/opi2/lettres/TextAnglais/ZeaE.html Leopoldo Zea, "A letter to people I shall never meet", UNESCO - Letters to future generations project]