Friedrich Christiansen

Friedrich Christiansen (12 December 1879 – 3 December 1972) was a World War I German seaplane ace who shot down twenty planes and an airship. During World War II, he was the commander of the German Wehrmacht in the Netherlands.

He was born in Wyk auf Föhr, Province of Schleswig-Holstein, into an old sea-faring family, the son of a sea captain. The generations-long sea-faring tradition within his family charted an obvious course for his future. In 1895 he joined the merchant marine, serving for 7 years and volunteering in 1901 for MTBs. After one year, he returned to the merchant marine, serving several years aboard the 5-masted "Preussen" (at the time, the largest sailing ship in the world,) as Second Officer. In 1913 he decided to deviate from this career, and learned to fly. Having graduated and gaining licence No. 707, he became a flying instructor at a civilian flying school.

ervice during World War I

In August 1914, Christiansen was called up and posted to Zeebrugge as Naval Aviator. He flew Hansa Brandenburg W12 seaplanes over the North Sea, the English Channel, and Britain. For his bombing missions on Dover and Ramsgate, he was awarded the Iron Cross Class 2. From 1915-1916 Christiansen went on numerous reconnaissance and bombing missions, helping to make his unit at Zeebrugge one of the most successful in the German Naval Air Service. On 27 April 1916, as "Leutnant der Matrosen Artillerie" (Lieutenant of Naval Artillery,) Christiansen was awarded the Iron Cross Class 1 and Knights Cross with Swords of the House Order of Hohenzollern.

Christiansen claimed his first air-to-air victory 15 May 1917 by shooting down a Sopwith Pup off Dover. On 1 Sept 1917 he took command of Naval Air Station at Zeebrugge, and being promoted to "Oberleutnant", shot down a Porte FB2 Baby off Felixstowe the same day.

Christiansen continued to carry out reconnaissance, rescue, and bombing missions, such that by December 1917, he had completed 440 missions, including shooting down Airship C27. At this time he was also awarded the Pour le Mérite ("Blue Max"), the first of only three given to naval aviators and the only one to a seaplane pilot. [O'Connor, M. p.50] He was promoted to "Kapitänleutnant" in 1918.

On 15 February 1918 Christiansen shot down a Curtiss H12B flying boat off Felixstowe, followed by 2 more on 24 April and 25 April. In June he claimed three more Felixstowe F2As. On 6 July he surprised and damaged British submarine "HMS C25" in the Thames estuary, killing its captain and five crewmen. By November 11, 1918, he raised his personal tally to 13, as well as some shared victories, which cumulatively may have brought his total to 21.

Activity between wars

Following the German Revolution of late 1918, Christiansen was a member of the 3rd Marinebrigade commanded by Wilfried von Loewenfeld. In 1922 Christiansen was active again in the merchant marine, as ship's captain. He continued in this pursuit until 1929, when he was employed as a pilot by the Claude Dornier Company. While with Dornier, he flew what was at the time the largest seaplane in the world, the Dornier Do X on its maiden Atlantic flight to New York in 1930. Christiansen's distinguished career led him eventually to being called to a post in the Reich aviation ministry from 1933 to 1937, and in 1936 he was promoted to "Generalmajor". In 1937 he was appointed "Korpsführer" of the National Socialist Flyers Corps, or "NSFK", and was promoted to "Generalleutnant". In 1938 he was named "General der Flieger".

ervice during World War II

From 29 May 1940 until 7 April 1945 Christiansen was "Wehrmachtsbefehlshaber in den Niederlanden" (Supreme Commander of the "Wehrmacht" in the Netherlands,) and from 10 November 1944 until 28 January 1945 supreme commander of the 25th Army.

After the war Christiansen was arrested for war crimes. On 2 October 1944 he had ordered a raid on the village of Putten in Gelderland, the Netherlands, in retaliation, after one of his officers, a "Leutnant" Sommers, was killed there by the Dutch resistance. When he heard about the actions of the resistance near Putten, Christiansen is reported to have said, „"Das ganze Nest muss angesteckt werden und die ganze Bande an die Wand gestellt!" ("Put them all against the wall and burn the place down!") In compliance with this retributive sentiment, several members of the civilian population were shot, the village was burned, and 661 of the males of the town were deported to labor camps, the vast majority of whom never returned.

Christiansen was sentenced to 12 years imprisonment in 1948 in Arnhem for war crimes but was released in December 1951. He died in Aukrug.

ources

*T. C. Treadwell & A. C Wood, "German Knights of the Air, 1914-1918; The Holders of the Orden Pour Le Merite", Barnes & Nobel Books (UK)Ltd, 1997.
*K. Munson, "Fighters- Attack and Training Aircraft, 1914-1919", The MacMillian Company, 1969, (first published Blandford Press, Ltd, 1968)
*O'Connor, M. "Airfields & Airmen of the Channel Coast". Pen & Sword Military, 2005 ISBN 1-84415-258-8

References

External links

*http://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/germany/christiansen.php {biography & credits}
* http://membres.lycos.fr/asduciel/marine.htm fr icon