Childhood studies

Children at play

Childhood Studies (CS) is a multi-disciplinary field that utilizes all areas of study to understand childhoods as experienced by children today. CS draws on scholarship in the social sciences (specifically anthropology, economics, history, and sociology), the humanities (especially literature, religion, philosophy, and the fine arts), and the behavioral sciences (with an emphasis on psychology).

History

Childhood Studies is a relatively new academic field. Discussions of its development can be found in Mary Jane Kehily’s An Introduction to Childhood Studies and in Jean and Richard Mills’ Childhood Studies: A Reader in Perspectives of Childhood. According to Kehily, dedicated degree programs in childhood studies are a recent development. Gertrud Lenzer writes an article in August, 1991 titled "Is There Sufficient Interest to Establish a Sociology of Children?" in the journal Footnotes. James S. Coleman, ASA President-Elect writes as an addendum to this article, "I believe that the call for increased attention to the sociology of children is well-placed, and it may be that a new section of the ASA is the best way to do that." Edward Rothstein writes in an article in The New York Times titled How Childhood Has Changed! (Adults Too), "Three years ago, at Brooklyn College, the sociologist Gertrud Lenzer founded a pioneering program in children studies applying anthropology, psychology, literature and history to the study of children and adolescence. Nearly 100 students now minor in the area; other schools have begun similar programs". In the Sunday Reader of The Dallas Morning News an article titled Lenzer Champions Growing Field of Children's Studies, Ira J. Hadnot writes that Lenzer created a novel program that is being copied across the country. In an article in the Lion and the Unicorn in 2001 Lenzer provides a short history of Children's Studies. She writes the new and interdisciplinary field of Children's Studies was founded in 1991 at Brooklyn College of The City University of New York. The Open University degree program was one of the first in the UK and was begun in 2003. In the United States there are now dozens of children/childhood “modules,” minors, or concentrations within the degree programs of academic disciplines, as well as BA and Masters programs across the globe. York University in Canada quotes Lenzer in their proposal for a new degree program in Children Studies writing "In a special issue of The Lion and the Unicorn in 2001, Gertrud Lenzer, co-founder and Director of the Children’s Studies Program and Children’s Studies Center at Brooklyn College, provides a brief history of, and rationale for, the emerging field of children’s studies. According to Lenzer, before the 1990s, most disciplines in the arts and sciences failed to “provide a special focus on children”; indeed, advertisers and politicians “discovered” childhood before scholars did. Only during the past two decades, Lenzer argues, has “an increasing number of disciplines in the arts and sciences . . . begun to manifest an interest in children and youth. In the humanities, these growing subfields include children’s literature, the history of childhood, and the philosophy of children.” However, Lenzer suggests, even “the recent sharpening focus on children and youth in the humanities, social sciences, and international law” limited the efficacy of studies of children and childhood because “the intellectual division of labor in children-related scholarship across the disciplines was largely adding new subspecialties of and within the disciplines themselves.” By contrast, Lenzer emphasizes the need for holistic, interdisciplinary—indeed, humanities-based— approaches to children’s studies: “. . . [C]hildren are not fully characterized by psychological developmental processes, nor . . . by any single perspective. . . . [C]hildren also exist . . . as individuals, as a social and cultural class, and as a historical generation.” York’s Children’s Studies program adopts many goals Lenzer proposes for this emerging area “as a genuinely interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary new field of study. By bringing carefully chosen knowledge of children from different studies to bear upon the class or category of children to students in a Liberal Arts course of learning, we hope that a more holistic understanding of children and childhood should emerge, which in the end will represent more than simply the sum of its parts. . . . Children’s Studies . . . makes the ontological claim that children must be viewed in their fullness as human beings.” The importance of this field of study was underscored in March 2005, at the “Off to See the Wizard: Quests and Memory in Children’s Literature” conference, when Roni Natov, author of Poetics of Childhood (2002), suggested that “interdisciplinary childhood studies” would transform future understandings of children and children’s literature."

Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, developed the first Childhood Studies Department in the United States to award degrees from BA through PhD. This is an multi-disciplinary department in which PhD students study a range of methodologies to explore cultural constructions of childhood. Rutgers University also operates The Center for Children's and Childhood Studies, the Rutgers University Press Book Series in Childhood Studies, and The Exploring Childhood Studies listserve, an online community of nearly 1300 academics and practitioners studying children and childhood in every discipline and around the world.^[1]

The evolution of Childhood Studies as an academic field has much in common with the development of other types of multi-disciplinary scholarship such as African-American Studies and Women's Studies. Each was initiated for the purpose of bringing to the academy points of view that had been underrepresented, if not repressed.

New developments in the field of childhood studies include the founding of international childhood studies. This is interested in how global and international structures and processes shape children's lives and cultures of childhood. Birkbeck College offers Msc and PhD study in International Childhood Studies in the Department of Geography, Environment and Development Studies (http://www.bbk.ac.uk/study/pg2011/childhoodstudies/TMSINTCH.html), reflecting the strong interest of this field in the intersections between childhood and international development. Karen Wells writes in Childhood in a Global Perspective (Polity 2009) that 'global processes and structures - especially the increasing influence of international law and international NGOs are reshaping childhood' (2009:1). Further developments in this area include the launch in 2011 of a new journal, Global Studies of Childhood and a two year ESRC seminar series, Violence and Childhood: international perspectives (www.internationalchildhoodstudies.org)

Further reading

Books

• The Palgrave handbook of childhood studies, ed. by Jens Qvortrup, William A. Corsaro and Michael-Sebastian Honig, Basingstoke, Hampshire [etc.] : Palgrave Macmillan, 2009
• Bowman, Vibiana, Editor. Scholarly Resources for Children and Childhood Studies: A Research Guide and Annotated Bibliography. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2007.
• Corsaro, William (2004) "The Sociology of Childhood" (2nd Edition) Pine Forge Press
• Hadnot, Ira J. 1998. "Lenzer Champions Growing Field of Children's Studies". The Dallas Morning News. June 21. Sec J p. 1
• James, Allison and James, Adrian (2008) "Key Concepts in Childhood Studies" Sage Publications
• James, Allison and Prout, Alan (1997) "Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood" Routledge
• Kehily, Mary Jane. An Introduction to Childhood Studies. Oxford, UK: Open University Press, 2004.
• Klein, Julie Thompson. Interdisciplinarity: History, Theory, and Practice. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1990.
• Krupp, Anthony. Reason's Children: Childhood in Early Modern Philosophy. Bucknell University Press, 2009.
• Lenzer, Gertrud. 2001. "Children's Studies: Beginnings and Purposes." The Lion and the Unicorn Johns Hopkins University Press. (25): 181-186
• Lenzer, Gertrud. 1991. "Is There Sufficient Interest to Establish a Sociology of Children?" Footnotes. (19)6 p. 8
• Mayall, Berry (2002) "Towards a Sociology for Childhood: Thinking from Children's Lives" Open University Press
• Mills, Jean, and Richard Mills. Childhood Studies: A Reader in Perspectives of Childhood. London: Routledge, 2000.
• Rothstein, Edward. 1998. "How Childhood Has Changed! (Adults, Too)". The New York Times. February 14. p. B7, B9.
• Wells, Karen 2009. Childhood in a Global Perspective. Polity.

Journals

• Childhood. A journal of global child research
• Children and Sociology
• Global Studies of Childhood (http://www.wwwords.co.uk/gsch/)
• Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth
• Sociological Studies of Childhood

References

1. ^ "Exploring_childhood_studies Info Page". email.rutgers.edu. https://email.rutgers.edu/mailman/listinfo/exploring_childhood_studies. Retrieved 26 May 2011.