Bush Doctrine

The Bush Doctrine is a phrase used to describe various related foreign policy principles of United States president George W. Bush, created in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks. The phrase initially described the policy that the United States had the right to aggressively secure itself from countries that harbor or give aid to terrorist groups, which was used to justify the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan. [ [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE3DE123CF930A25757C0A9649C8B63 Editorial Observer; President Bush and the Middle East Axis of Ambiguity] , Steven R. Weisman, "The New York Times", April 13, 2002]

Later it came to include additional elements, including the controversial policy of preventive war, which held that the United States should depose foreign regimes that represented a potential or perceived threat to the security of the United States, even if that threat was not immediate (used to justify the 2003 invasion of Iraq); a policy of encouraging democracy around the world, especially in the Middle East, as a strategy for combating the spread of terrorism; and a willingness to pursue U.S. military interests in a unilateral way. [ [http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1616724,00.html Edwards Rejects the "War on Terror"] , Mike Allen, "Time Magazine", May 2, 2007] [ [http://levin.nationalreview.com/post/?q=NzQyNjBmZjA2M2IzMDgzYjI1MWJiNTNjZmFjY2M5YzI= First Things First] , Mark Levin, "...and another thing" (National Review blog), August 16, 2006] [ [http://www.usatoday.com/educate/iraq/war7-article.htm Confronting Iraq] , Susan Page, "USA Today Education", March 17, 2003] Some of these policies were codified in a National Security Council text entitled the "National Security Strategy of the United States" published on September 20, 2002. [http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss/2002/index.html "National Security Strategy of the United States"] National Security Council, September 20, 2002.]

"National Security Strategy of the United States"

The main elements of the Bush Doctrine were delineated in a National Security Council document, the "National Security Strategy of the United States", published on September 20, 2002. [ [http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss/2006/ National Security Strategy of the United States, 2006] ] This document is often cited as the definitive statement of the doctrine. [cite news |last=Editorial |title=Aftermath; The Bush Doctrine |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E0D8153BF930A25757C0A9659C8B63&scp=4&sq=%22bush%20doctrine%22&st=cse |publisher=New York Times |date=2003-04-13 | accessdate 2008-09-12] [cite news |last=Editorial |title=The Bush Doctrine |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E02E1D71F30F931A1575AC0A9649C8B63&scp=9&sq=bush%20doctrine&st=cse |publisher=New York Times |date=2002-09-22 | accessdate 2008-09-12] [cite news |last=Gitlin |first=Todd |publisher=Mother Jones |title=America's Age of Empire: The Bush Doctrine |url=http://www.motherjones.com/commentary/columns/2003/01/ma_205_01.html |date=January/February 2003 |accessdate=2008-09-12] It was updated in 2006 and is stated as follows: [ [http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss/2006/ U.S. National Security Strategy 2006] ] Cquote| It is an enduring American principle that this duty obligates the government to anticipate and counter threats, using all elements of national power, before the threats can do grave damage. The greater the threat, the greater is the risk of inaction – and the more compelling the case for taking anticipatory action to defend ourselves, even if uncertainty remains as to the time and place of the enemy’s attack. There are few greater threats than a terrorist attack with WMD. To forestall or prevent such hostile acts by our adversaries, the United States will, if necessary, act preemptively in exercising our inherent right of self-defense.

Components

The Bush Doctrine has been formulated as a collection of strategy principles, practical policy decisions, and a set of logical rationales and ideas for guiding United States foreign policy. Two main pillars are identified for the doctrine: "preemptive strikes against potential enemies" and "promoting democratic regime change".cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript1000.html |title=The Bush Doctrine |publisher=PBS Think Tank |first=Ben J. |last=Wattenberg |authorlink=Ben J. Wattenberg |date=2002-07-11 |accessdate=2008-09-18]

Out of the National Security Strategy, four main points are highlighted as the core to the Bush Doctrine: Preemption, Military Primacy, New Multilateralism, and the Spread of Democracy. [Keir A. Lieber and Robert J. Lieber, ["The Bush National Security Strategy" http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itps/1202/ijpe/pj7-4lieber.htm] ] The document emphasized preemption by stating: "America is now threatened less by conquering states than we are by failing ones. We are menaced less by fleets and armies than by catastrophic technologies in the hands of the embittered few." and required "defending the United States, the American people, and our interests at home and abroad by identifying and destroying the threat before it reaches our borders." [Chicago Tribune, ["The Bush Doctrine" http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-bush-doctrinesep12,0,6804685.story] ]

Then Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld, in 2006 stated that: "If I were rating, I would say we probably deserve a D or D+ as a country as how well we're doing in the battle of ideas that's taking place. I'm not going to suggest that it's easy, but we have not found the formula as a country."

Unilateralism

Elements of the Bush Doctrine were evident in the first months of Bush's presidency. Conservative commentator Charles Krauthammer used the term in February 2001 to refer to the president's increased unilateralism in foreign policy, specifically regarding the president's decision to withdraw from the ABM treaty. [cite news | last=Krauthammer |first=Charles |title=The Bush doctrine: In American foreign policy, a new motto: Don't ask. Tell |url=http://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/time/2001/03/05/doctrine.html |publisher=CNN |date=2001-02-26 | accessdate 2008-09-12] [cite news |last=Krauthammer |first=Charles |title=Charlie Gibson's Gaffe |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/12/AR2008091202457.html |publisher=Washington Post |date=2008-09-12 | accessdate 2008-09-12]

There is some evidence that Bush's willingness for the United States to act unilaterally came even earlier. The International Journal of Peace Studies 2003 article "The Bush administration's image of Europe: From ambivalence to rigidity" states:cite journal |url=http://www.gmu.edu/academic/ijps/vol8_1/David%20and%20Ramel.htm |title=THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION'S IMAGE OF EUROPE: FROM AMBIVALENCE TO RIGIDITY|publisher=International Journal of Peace Studies |volume=8 |issue=1 |first=Charles-Philippe |last=David |authorlink=Charles-Philippe David |coauthors=Frédéric Ramel |date=Spring/Summer 2003 |accessdate=2008-09-19 ] Cquote|The Republican Party's platform in the 2000 presidential elections set the administration's tone on this issue. It called for a dramatic expansion of NATO not only in Eastern Europe (with the Baltic States, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania) but also, and most significantly, in the Middle East, the Caucasus and Central Asia. The purpose is to develop closer cooperation within NATO in dealing with geopolitical problems from the Middle East to Eurasia. The program therefore takes a broad and rather fuzzy view of Europe.

It would be premature at this stage to say that the US administration has had a fundamental change of heart and shed its long-ingrained reflexes in dealing with Russia.

When it comes to the future of Europe, Americans and Europeans differ on key issues. The differences seem to point toward three fundamental values which underpin the Bush administration's image of Europe. The first is unilateralism, of which the missile shield is a particularly telling example. The American position flies in the face of the European approach, which is based on ABM talks and multilateralism. An opposition is taking shape here between the leading European capitals, which want to deal with the matter by judicial means, and the Americans, who want to push ahead and create a fait accompli.

Attacking countries that harbor terrorists

The doctrine was developed more fully in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks. The attacks presented a foreign-policy challenge, since it was not the Taliban that had initiated the attacks, and there was no evidence that they had any foreknowledge of the attacks. [ [http://worlddefensereview.com/phares113007.shtml Bin Laden and Future Jihad in Europe] , Walid Phares, "World Defense Review", November 30, 2007] . In an address to the nation on the evening of September 11, Bush stated his resolution of the issue by declaring that "we will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them." [ [http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010911-16.html Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation] , September 11, 2001] This policy was used to justify the invasion of Afghanistan in October 2001 [ [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE3DE123CF930A25757C0A9649C8B63 Editorial Observer; President Bush and the Middle East Axis of Ambiguity] , Steven R. Weisman, "The New York Times", April 13, 2002] , and has since been applied to American military action against Al Qaeda camps in North-West Pakistan.Fact|date=September 2008

President Bush made an even more aggressive restatement of this principle in his September 20, 2001 address to the United States Congress,cite news |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html |title=Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People |publisher=The White House |first=George W. |last=Bush |authorlink=George W. Bush |date=2001-09-20 |accessdate=2008-09-19] :Cquote|We will pursue nations that provide aid or safe haven to terrorism. Every nation, in every region, now has a decision to make. Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists. From this day forward, any nation that continues to harbor or support terrorism will be regarded by the United States as a hostile regime.

Preventive strikes

President Bush addressed the cadets at West Point June 1, 2002, and made clear the role preventive war would play in the future of American foreign policy and national defense:cite news |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020601-3.html |title=President Bush Delivers Graduation Speech at West Point |publisher=The White House |first=George W. |last=Bush |authorlink=George W. Bush |date=2002-06-01 |accessdate=2008-09-19] Cquote|We cannot defend America and our friends by hoping for the best. We cannot put our faith in the word of tyrants, who solemnly sign non-proliferation treaties, and then systemically break them. If we wait for threats to fully materialize, we will have waited too long — Our security will require transforming the military you will lead — a military that must be ready to strike at a moment's notice in any dark corner of the world. And our security will require all Americans to be forward-looking and resolute, to be ready for preemptive action when necessary to defend our liberty and to defend our lives.

Two distinct schools of thought arose in the Bush Administration regarding the question of how to handle countries such as Iraq, Iran, and North Korea ("Axis of Evil" states).Fact|date=September 2008 Secretary of State Colin Powell and National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice, as well as US Department of State specialists, argued for what was essentially the continuation of existing US foreign policy.Fact|date=September 2008 These policies, developed after the Cold War, sought to establish a multilateral consensus for action (which would likely take the form of increasingly harsh sanctions against the problem states, summarized as the policy of containment).Fact|date=September 2008 The opposing view, argued by Vice President Dick Cheney, then-Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and a number of influential Department of Defense policy makers such as Paul Wolfowitz and Richard Perle, held that direct and unilateral action was both possible and justified and that America should embrace the opportunities for democracy and security offered by its position as sole remaining superpower.Fact|date=September 2008 President Bush ultimately sided with the Department of Defense camp, and their recommendations.Fact|date=September 2008

Democratic regime change

In a series of speeches in late 2001 and 2002, President Bush expanded on his view of American foreign policy and global intervention, declaring that the United States should actively support democratic governments around the world, especially in the Middle East, as a strategy for combating the threat of terrorism, and that the United States had the right to act unilaterally in its own security interests, without the approval of international bodies such as the United Nations. [ [http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1616724,00.html Edwards Rejects the "War on Terror"] , Mike Allen, "Time Magazine", May 2, 2007] [ [http://levin.nationalreview.com/post/?q=NzQyNjBmZjA2M2IzMDgzYjI1MWJiNTNjZmFjY2M5YzI= First Things First] , Mark Levin, "...and another thing" (National Review blog), August 16, 2006] [ [http://www.usatoday.com/educate/iraq/war7-article.htm Confronting Iraq] , Susan Page, "USA Today Education", March 17, 2003] This represented a departure from the Cold War policies of deterrence and containment under the Truman Doctrine and post-Cold War philosophies such as the Powell Doctrine and the Clinton Doctrine.

In his 2003 State of the Union Address President Bush declared:cite news |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/01/20030128-19.html |title=President Bush Delivers Graduation Speech at West Point |publisher=The White House |first=George W. |last=Bush |authorlink=George W. Bush |date=2003-01-28 |accessdate=2008-09-19] Cquote|Americans are a free people, who know that freedom is the right of every person and the future of every nation. The liberty we prize is not America's gift to the world, it is God's gift to humanity.

After his second inauguration, in a January 2004 speech at National Defense University, Bush said: "The defense of freedom requires the advance of freedom."

Neoconservatives and the Bush Doctrine hold that the hatred for the West and United States in particular, is not because of United States actions, but because the terrorist countries — or supporting countries - are in social disarray, not free, not part of democracy — and the terrorists are against the freedom, free markets and values championed by the United States. The Bush Doctrine holds that enemies of United States are using terrorism and a war of ideology against the United States, where the responsibility of the United States is to protect itself and its friends by promoting democracy where the terrorists are, and that the United States must strike before the terrorists get a chance to strike first.

Other commentators argue that U.S. intervention has not aimed to support genuine democratic regimes driven by local peoples, but rather US-friendly regimes installed by diplomats acting on behalf of the United States, and intended only to seem democratic to U.S. voters [Kolhatkar, S. & Ingalls, J. (2007) Bleeding Afghanistan: Washington, warlords and the propaganda of silence.] . For example, in the case of Afghanistan, it is argued that parliamentary democracy was downplayed by the US and power concentrated in the hands of the Afghan president Hamid Karzai, a U.S. ally [Kolhatkar, S. & Ingalls, J. (2007) "Bleeding Afghanistan: Washington, warlords and the propaganda of silence", Chapter 4: A Client "Democracy"; pp.117-166] . The election of Karzai has been described as the result of manipulation on the parts of the U.S. government and U.S. policy maker Zalmay Khalilzad [Kolhatkar, S. & Ingalls, J. (2007) "Bleeding Afghanistan: Washington, warlords and the propaganda of silence", Chapter 4: A Client "Democracy"; pp.117-166] . At the same time, these commentators draw attention to the number of unpopular (but U.S.-friendly) warlords achieving "legitimating" positions under U.S. supervision of the elections. Some commentators interpreted voter turnout figures as evidence of "large-scale fraud" [Krugman, Paul. "America's lost respect", New York Times, October 1st 2004] . Sonali Kolhatkar and James Ingalls have written, "It remains to be seen if U.S. policy makers will ever allow anything approaching democracy to break out in Afghanistan and interfere with their plans." [Kolhatkar, S. & Ingalls, J. (2007) "Bleeding Afghanistan: Washington, warlords and the propaganda of silence", page 166.]

Of the elections in Afghanistan, Sima Samar, former Afghan Minister for Women's Affairs stated:cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/I/hi/world/south_asia/2039665.stm" |title=Tempers Flare At Loya Jirga |publisher=BBC News online |date=2002-06-12 |accessdate=2003-01-19] Cquote|This is not a democracy, it is a rubber stamp. Everything has already been decided by the powerful ones.

Influences on the Bush Doctrine

Neoconservatives

Central to the development of the Bush Doctrine is its strong influence by neoconservative ideology, [http://www.bisa.ac.uk/2007/pps/schmidt.pdf "The Bush Doctrine and the Iraq War: Neoconservatives vs. Realists", Brian C. Schmidt, Carleton University and Michael C. Williams, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, 2007 Annual Conference of the British International Studies Association] ] and it is considered to be a step from the political realism of the Reagan Doctrine. The Reagan Doctrine was considered key to American foreign policy until the end of the Cold War, just before Bill Clinton became president of the United States. The Reagan Doctrine was considered anti-Communist and in opposition to Soviet Union global influence, but later spoke of a peace dividend towards the end of the Cold War with economic benefits of a "decrease" in defense spending. The Reagan Doctrine was strongly criticizedcite news |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20810FB3D5C0C718CDDAC0894DA484D81 |first=Norman |last=Podhoretz |authorlink=Norman Podhoretz |title=The Neoconservative Anguish over Reagan's Foreign Policy |work=The New York Times Magazine |date=1982-05-02 |accessdate=2008-09-14 ] cite journal |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/1984/3.html |title=The First Term: The Reagan Road to Détente |first=Norman |last=Podhoretz |authorlink=Norman Podhoretz |publisher=Foreign Affairs |volume=63 |issue=3 |date=1984 |accessdate=2008-09-16] cite news |url=http://www.opinionjournal.com/federation/feature/?id=110008830 |title=Is the Bush Doctrine Dead? |first=Norman |last=Podhoretz |authorlink=Norman Podhoretz |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |date=2006-08-23 |accessdate=2008-09-16] by the neoconservatives, who also became disgruntled with the outcome of the Gulf War and United States foreign policy under Bill Clinton,Stefan Halper and Jonathan Clarke, "America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order", Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN-13: 978-0521674607] sparking them to call for change towards global stability [Dale C. Copeland, "The Origins of Major War" (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000)] through their support for active intervention and the democratic peace theory. Several central persons in the counsel to the George W. Bush administration consider themselves to be neoconservatives or strongly support their foreign policy ideas.cite web |url=http://newamericancentury.org/statementofprinciples.htm |title=PNAC Statement of Princicples |authorlink=Elliott Abrams |first=Elliot, et al. |last=Abrams |date=1997-06-03 |publisher=Project for the New American Century |accessdate=2008-09-16] Peter J. Boyer, [http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/041101fa_fact "The Believer: Paul Wolfowitz Defends His War"] , online posting, "The New Yorker", November 1, 2004, accessed June 20, 2007 (7 pages).] John Cassidy, [http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/04/09/070409fa_fact_cassidy "The Next Crusade: Paul Wolfowitz at the World Bank"] , online posting, "The New Yorker", April 9, 2007, accessed May 7, 2007.] Cf. Amy Goodman, [http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/03/17/1442215 "Bush Names Iraq War Architect Paul Wolfowitz to Head World Bank"] , transcript, "Democracy Now!", March 17, 2005, accessed May 17, 2007.] Cf. Ibrahim Warde, [http://www.spokesmanbooks.com/Spokesman/PDF/spk%2082%20Pages%20016%20to%20022.pdf "Iraq: Looter's License"] , 16–22 in " [http://www.coronetbooks.com/books/a/amer6915.htm America's Gulag] : Full Spectrum Dominance Versus Universal Human Rights", ed. Ken Coates (London: Spokesman Books, 2004), ISBN 0851246915.] cite news |url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_196286.html |title=So, what is a 'neocon'? |first=Bill |last=Steigerwald |authorlink=Bill Steigerwald |publisher=Pittsburgh Tribune-Review |date=2004-05-29 |accessdate=2008-09-16 ]

Neoconservatives are widely known to long have supported the overthrow of Saddam Hussein in Iraq, and on 26 January 1998 the PNAC sent a public letter to then President Bill Clinton stating: Cquote|As a result, in the not-too-distant future we will be unable to determine with any reasonable level of confidence whether Iraq does or does not possess such weapons. Such uncertainty will, by itself, have a seriously destabilizing effect on the entire Middle East. It hardly needs to be added that if Saddam does acquire the capability to deliver weapons of mass destruction, as he is almost certain to do if we continue along the present course, the safety of American troops in the region, of our friends and allies like Israel and the moderate Arab states, and a significant portion of the world’s supply of oil will all be put at hazard. As you have rightly declared, Mr. President, the security of the world in the first part of the 21st century will be determined largely by how we handle this threat.

Among the signers of the Project for the New American Century's (PNAC) original Statement of Principles were a number of people who later gained high positions in the Bush administration, including Cheney, Rumsfeld, Wolfowitz and Perle.

PNAC member and the chairman of the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee (DPBAC), neoconservatist Richard Perle, later expressed regret over the Iraq invasion and ultimately put the blame for the invasion on President George W. Bush;cite news |title= Neocons turn on Bush for incompetence over Iraq war |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,,1939471,00.html |publisher= The Guardian | first= Julian |last= Borger |date= November 4, 2006] while other renowned neoconservative ideologists like Joshua Muravchik and Norman Podhoretz claim that neoconservatives must take intellectual leadershipcite news |url=http://www.aei.org/publications/filter.all,pubID.25086/pub_detail.asp |title=Operation Comeback |first=Joshua |last=Muravchik |authorlink=Joshua Muravchik |publisher=American Enterprise Institute |date=2006-11-1 |accessdate=2008-09-15 ] cite news |title=Can the Neocons Get Their Groove Back? |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/17/AR2006111701474_pf.html |first=Joshua |last=Muravchik |authorlink=Joshua Muravchik |publisher=Washington Post |date=2006-11-19 |accessdate=2009-09-16 ] and that traditional conservatives lack the insight on how to solve terrorism. Muravchik called former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld (a traditional conservative) a neoconservative hero and champion of military strategy, but that the strength of neoconservatives is their ideology as foundation for policies, and this strength is also recognized by political scientists.cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/andrew_sullivan/article691243.ece |title=Neocons caught in their very own civil war |publisher=The Sunday Times |first=Andrew |last=Sullivan |authorlink=Andrew Sullivan |date=2006-07-23 |accessdate=2008-09-19] Muravchik claims these strengths are present in the case of the Reagan presidency as well as the Bush presidency, and that Bush unlike Reagan has contributed to the "fundamental solution" to the Middle East.cite news |url=http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.24776,filter.all/pub_detail.asp |title=Standing by Bush |first=Joshua |last=Muravchik |authorlink=Joshua Muravchik |publisher=American Enterprise Institute |date=2006-08-13 |accessdate=2008-09-17]

Other than Bush and Rumsfeld, other traditional conservatives who are thought to have adopted neoconservative foreign policy thinking include Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice.

The Bush Doctrine, in line with long-standing neoconservative ideas, holds that the United States is entangled in a global war of ideas between the western values of freedom on the one hand, and extremism seeking to destroy them on the other; a war of ideology where the United States must take responsibility for security and show leadership in the world by actively seeking out the enemies and also change those countries who are supporting enemies.cite journal |url=http://www.ourjerusalem.com/opinion/story/opinion20020904a.html |title=In Praise of the Bush Doctrine |first=Norman |last=Podhoretz |authorlink=Norman Podhoretz |publisher=Commentary (magazine) |date=September 2002 |accessdate=2008-09-15 ]

The Bush Doctrine, and neoconservative reasoning, holds that containment of the enemy as under the Realpolitik of Reagan does not work, and that the enemy of United States must be destroyed before he attacks — using all the United States available means, resources and influences to do so.

On the book "Winning the War on Terror" Dr. James Forest, [http://ctc.usma.edu/ U.S. Military Academy Combating Terrorism Center] at West Point, comments: "While the West faces uncertainties in the struggle against militant Islam’s armies of darkness, and while it is true that we do not yet know precisely how it will end, what has become abundantly clear is that the world will succeed in defeating militant Islam because of the West’s flexible, democratic institutions and its all-encompassing ideology of freedom."

Natan Sharansky

Another part of the intellectual underpinning of the Bush Doctrine was the 2004 book "The Case for Democracy", written by Israeli politician and author, Natan Sharansky, and Israeli Minister of Economic Affairs in the United States, Ron Dermer, which Bush has cited as influential in his thinking. [ [http://www.cnn.com/2005/ALLPOLITICS/01/10/bush.readinglist.tm/ What the president reads] , John F. Dickerson, "Time", January 10, 2005] The book argues that replacing dictatorships with democratic governments is both morally justified, since it leads to greater freedom for the citizens of such countries, and strategically wise, since democratic countries are more peaceful, and breed less terrorism, than dictatorial ones.

Expanding United States influence

Princeton University research fellow Dr. Jonathan Monten, in his 2005 "International Security" journal article "The Roots of the Bush Doctrine: Power, Nationalism, and Democracy Promotion in U.S. Strategy",cite journal |title=The Roots of the Bush Doctrine: Power, Nationalism, and Democracy Promotion in U.S. Strategy |publisher=International Security |volume=29 |issue=4 |first=Jonathan |last=Monten |authorlink=Jonathan Monten |date=Spring 2005] attributed the Bush administration’s activist democracy promotion to two main factors: the expansion of material capabilities, and the presence of a nationalist domestic ideology. He claims the Bush Doctrine promotion of democracy abroad is held vital by the George W. Bush administration to the success of the United States in the war against terrorism. It is also a key objective of the administration’s grand strategy of expanding the political and economic influence of the United States internationally. He examines two contending approaches to the long-term promotion of democracy: “exemplarism,” or leadership by example, and “vindicationism,” or the direct application of United States power, including the use of coercive force. Whereas exemplarism largely prevailed in the twentieth century, vindicationism has been the preferred approach of the Bush administration.

Criticism

The Bush Doctrine has resulted in criticism and controversy. At the centre of the criticism against the Bush Doctrine are the ideas on foreign policy, society, democracy and ideology stemming from the historical development of neoconservatism, strongly influencing the Bush Doctrine, and have been met with criticism from both authors, activists, documentary film makers as well as experts on philosophy, political science, history, sociology and democratic processes.cite news |url=http://www.pww.org/article/articleview/399/ |title=Unity can defeat the Bush doctrine |publisher=People Weekly World |first=Jarvis |last=Tyner |authorlink=Jarvis Tyner |date=2002-01-12 |accessdate=2008-09-19]

Likewise, the defence of these ideas has been and continues to be made by influential pundits, ideologists and leaders, like Kristol, Perle , Kaufman , Muravchik, Podhoretz , and members of the PNAC in their principles signed by many in the counsel of the George W. Bush administration.

In his 2007 book "In the defense of the Bush Doctrine",cite book |title=In the defense of the Bush Doctrine |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |date=2007-05-11 |isbn=978-0813124346 |author=Robert G. Kaufman. |oclc=224925740 76416656] Robert G. Kaufman, wrote (pp.11-12): "No one grasped the logics or implications of this transformation better than Halford Mackinder. His prescient theories, first set forth in "Geographical Pivot of History", published in 1904, have rightly shaped American grand strategy since World War II. Mackinder warned that any single power dominating Eurasia, "the World Island", as he called it, would have the potential to dominate the world, including the United States. " Kaufman is a political scientist, public policy professor and member of The Shadow Financial Regulatory Committee. He said in an interview about the book: "I wrote this book because of my conviction that the Bush Doctrine has a more compelling logic and historical pedigree than people realize."cite journal |url=http://www.pepperdine.edu/pr/stories/kaufman.htm |title=Public Policy Professor Robert G. Kaufman Defends Bush Doctrine in New Book |publisher=Pepperdine University |date=2007 |accessdate=2008-09-18]

The Bush Doctrine has been polarizing both in domestic policies and internationally. Anti-Americanism has been rising, and as of 2008, polls show there is more anti-Americanism than before the George W. Bush administration started forming the Bush Doctrine.cite journal |url=http://www.aei.org/publications/filter.all,pubID.28138/pub_detail.asp |title=Don't Blame George Bush for Anti-Americanism |publisher=American Enterprise Institute |first=David |last=Frum |authorlink=David Frum |date=2008-06-14 |accessdate=2008-09-18] cite paper |url=http://www.princeton.edu/~ppns/papers/speulda.pdf |title=Documenting the Phenomenon of Anti-Americanism |publisher=The Princeton Project on National Security |location=Princeton University |first=Nicole |last=Speulda |authorlink=Nicole Speulda |date=2005]

Foreign interventionism

The foreign policy of the Bush Doctrine is subject to controversy both in the United States and internationally.

Critics of the Bush Doctrine are suspicious of the increasing willingness of the US to use military force unilaterally. Some published criticisms include Storer H. Rowley’s June 2002 article in the "Chicago Tribune", [ [http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0624-01.htm Critics Say Bush Doctrine Might Provoke 1st Strike] ] Anup Shah’s at Globalissues.org, [ [http://www.globalissues.org/Geopolitics/Empire/Bush.asp Globalissues.org The Bush Doctrine of Pre-emptive Strikes; A Global Pax Americana] ] and Nat Parry’s April 2004 article at ConsortiumNews.com. [ [http://consortiumnews.com/2004/041204.html The Bush Doctrine's Vietnam Paradox] ]

Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson argue that it reflects a turn away from international law, and marks the end of American legitimacy in foreign affairs. [ Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson, "The Sources of American Legitimacy," "Foreign Affairs" (November/December 2004), pp. 18–32]

Others have stated that it could lead to other states resorting to the production of WMD’s or terrorist activities. [Richard Falk, "The New Bush Doctrine," "The Nation" July 15, 2002.] This doctrine is argued to be contrary to the Just War Theory and would constitute a war of aggression. [Neta C. Crawford, [http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S1537592703000021 Just War Theory and the U.S. Counterterror War] ] [Jeffrey Record, [http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/03spring/record.pdf The Bush Doctrine and War with Iraq] ] Patrick J. Buchanan writes that the 2003 invasion of Iraq has significant similarities to the 1996 neoconservative policy paper "".Patrick J. Buchanan, [http://www.amconmag.com/03_24_03/cover.html Whose War?] , The American Conservative, March 24, 2003]

Political scientist Karen Kwiatkowski, in 2007 wrote on her article "Making Sense of the Bush Doctrine": “We are killing terrorists in self-defense and for the good of the world, you see. We are taking over foreign countries, setting them up with our favorite puppets "in charge," controlling their economy, their movements, their dress codes, their defensive projects, and their dreams, solely because we love them, and apparently can’t live without them.”cite paper |url=http://www.lewrockwell.com/kwiatkowski/kwiatkowski170.html |title=Making Sense of the Bush Doctrine |first=Karen |last=Kwiatkowski |authorlink=Karen Kwiatkowski |date=2007-01-15 |accessdate=2008-09-18]

Radical departure

Initially the support for the United States was high, but after 7 years of war, anti-Americanism is high and criticism of the Bush Doctrine is widespread; nonetheless the doctrine still has support among some United States political leaders.cite news |url=http://www.amconmag.com/article/2008/jan/14/00006/ |title=Declaring Forever War, Giuliani has surrounded himself with advisers who think the Bush Doctrine didn’t go nearly far enough |publisher=The American Conservative |first=Michael C. |last=Desch |authorlink=Michael C. Desch date=2008-01-14 |accessdate=2008-09-19]

The representation of prominent neoconservatives and their influences on the Bush Doctrine has been highly controversial among the United States public.cite news |title=The Neoconservative Convergence |url=http://www.opinionjournal.com/extra/?id=110006921 |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |first=Charles |last=Krauthammer |authorlink=Charles Krauthammer |date=2005-07-21 |accessdate=2008-09-19]

Polarization

Anti-war critics have claimed that the Bush Doctrine is strongly polarizing domestically, and has estranged the allies of the United States,cite paper |url=http://www.lewrockwell.com/kwiatkowski/kwiatkowski170.html |title=Making Sense of the Bush Doctrine |first=Karen |last=Kwiatkowski |authorlink=Karen Kwiatkowski |date=2007-01-15 |accessdate=2008-09-18] despite Bush's often-stated desire to be a "uniter, not a divider".cite news |url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/02/bush_insists_us_is_stronger_si.html |title=Bush Insists U.S. Is Stronger Since He Took Office |publisher=Roll Call |first=Mort |last=Kondracke |authorlink=Mort Kondracke |date=2008-02-01 |accessdate=2008-08-18]

Compassionate belief and religious influence

President Bush often talks about his belief in compassionate conservatism cite book |title=George W. Bush : Portrait of a Compassionate Conservative |first=Arthur Frederick |last=Ide |authorlink=Arthur Frederick Ide |publisher=Monument Press |date=2000-11-1 |isbn=978-0930383503 |oclc=44803063] http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/blog/2008/09/12/BL2008091201471.html?hpid=opinionsbox1] and liberty as "God's gift". In his Claremont Institute article "Democracy and the Bush Doctrine"cite journal |url=http://www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.1218/article_detail.asp |title=Democracy and the Bush Doctrine |first=Charles R. |last=Kesler |authorlink=Charles R. Kesler |publisher=Claremont Institute |date=2005-01-26 |accessdate=2008-09-15 ] , Charles R. Kesler wrote, "As he begins his second term, the president and his advisors must take a hard, second look at the Bush Doctrine. In many respects, it is the export version of compassionate conservatism."

ociopsychological strategy and effects

Author and public intellectual, Naomi Klein wrote in her book "The Shock Doctrine" about a recurrent metaphor of shock, and claimed in an interview that the Bush administration has continued to exploit a "window of opportunity that opens up in a state of shock", subsequently followed with a comforting rationale for the public, as a form of social control.cite web |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSP37XQd0Zs |title=The Shock Doctrine: Naomi Klein on C-SPAN |date=2007-10-08 |publisher=C-SPAN |work=After Words |first=Naomi |last=Klein |authorlink=Naomi Klein |coauthor=Franklin Foer |accessdate=2008-09-15] Her June 2008 book "The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism" further elaborates on her impressions on the Bush Doctrine and throughout the George W. Bush administration.

ee also

*Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration
*Clinton Doctrine
*Jus ad bellum
*Powell Doctrine
*The One Percent Doctrine
*United States Presidential doctrines
*War on Terrorism
*Foreign policy of the United States

References

External links

* Edward A. Kolodziej, [http://www.cgs.uiuc.edu/resources/occasional_papers/bushdoctrine.pdf "Getting beyond the Bush Doctrine"] , "Center for Global Studies", December, 2006.
* Roger Speed & Michael May, [http://www.thebulletin.org/article.php?art_ofn=ma05speed "Dangerous Doctrine"] , "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists", March/April 2005.
* Jeffery Record, [http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/03spring/record.pdf "The Bush Doctrine and War with Iraq"] , "Parameters", Spring 2003. [http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/03spring/record.htm (html version)]
*Chip Pitts et al., [http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-americanpower/war_law_4028.jsp "War, Law, and American Democracy "] , "OpenDemocracy.net", October 25, 2006.
*George W. Bush et al., [http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss/2002/index.html "The National Security Strategy of the United States of America"] , September 2002
* [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Defense_Policy_Guidance_1992-1994 Defense Policy Guidance 1992–1994]
* http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Mar2005/d20050318nms.pdf

Books

* Weisberg, Jacob "The Bush Tragedy", Random House, 2008. ISBN 978-1400066780
* Bacevich, Andrew J. "The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced By War", New York & London, Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-517338-4
* Bennett, William J. "Why We Fight: Moral Clarity and the War on Terrorism", New York, Regnery Publishing, Inc., 2003. ISBN 0-385-50680-5
* Chernus, Ira "Monsters To Destroy: The Neoconservative War on Terror and Sin", Boulder, CO, Paradigm Publishers, 2006 ISBN 1-59451-276-0
* Dolan, Chris J. "In War We Trust: The Bush Doctrine And The Pursuit Of Just War", Burlington, VA, Ashgate, 2005. ISBN 0-7546-4234-8
* Dolan, Chris J. and Betty Glad (eds.) "Striking First: The Preventive War Doctrine and the Reshaping of U.S. Foreign Policy", New York & London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. ISBN 1-4039-6548-X
* Donnelly, Thomas "The Military We Need: The Defense Requirements of the Bush Doctrine", Washington, D.C., American Enterprise Institute Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8447-4229-5
* Gaddis, John Lewis "Surprise, Security, and the American Experience", Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-674-01174-0
* Grandin, Greg "Empire's Workshop: Latin America, The United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism", New York, Metropolitan Press, 2006. ISBN 0-8050-7738-3 [http://www.americanempireproject.com/bookpage.asp?ISBN=0805077383]
* Hayes, Stephen S. "The Brain: Paul Wolfowitz and the Making of the Bush Doctrine", New York, HarperCollins, Forthcoming (2007?). ISBN 0-06-072346-7
* Kaplan, Lawrence and William Kristol "The War over Iraq: Saddam's Tyranny and America's Mission", San Francisco, Encounter Books, 2003. ISBN 1-893554-69-4
* Kolodziej, Edward A. and Roger E. Kanet (eds.) "From Superpower to Besieged Global Power: Restoring World Order after the Failure of the Bush Doctrine", Athens, GA, University of Georgia Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8203-3074-7
* McAdam, Richard. "American Leadership and the Future of the Bush Doctrine: US Foreign Policy in the 21st Century." Saarbrucken: VDM, 2008. ISBN 978-3639061352
* Shanahan, Timothy (ed.) "Philosophy 9/11: Thinking about the War on Terrorism", Chicago & LaSalle, IL, Open Court, 2005 ISBN 0-8126-9582-8
* Smith, Grant F. "Deadly Dogma", Washington, DC, Institute for Research: Middle Eastern Policy, 2006. ISBN 0-9764437-4-0
* Tremblay, Rodrigue "The New American Empire", West Conshohocken, PA, Infinity, 2004, ISBN 0-7414-1887-8
* Woodward, Bob "Plan of Attack", New York, Simon & Schuster, 2004. ISBN 0-7432-5547-X
* Wright, Steven. "The United States and Persian Gulf Security: The Foundations of the War on Terror", Ithaca Press, 2007 ISBN 978-0863723216

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