Licata

Infobox CityIT
img_coa = Licata-Stemma.png official_name = Comune di Licata
region = Sicily


image_caption="Palazzo di Città" in Licata.
province = Agrigento (AG)
mapx=37.32
mapy=13.95
name=Licata
elevation_m = 8
area_total_km2 = 178
population_as_of = december 31, 2004
population_total = 38812
population_density_km2 =196
timezone = CET, UTC+1
coordinates = coord|37|06|30|N|13|56|49|E
frazioni = Torre di Gaffe
telephone = 0922
postalcode = 92027
gentilic = Licatesi
saint = Sant'Angelo
day = May 5
mayor = Angelo Biondi
website = [http://www.comune.licata.ag.it/ www.comune.licata.ag.it]

Licata (Greek: polytonic|Φιντίας; Latin: Phintias or Plintis; formerly also Alicata) is a city located on the south coast of Sicily, at the mouth of the Salso River (the ancient Himera), about midway between Agrigento and Gela. It is a major seaport developed at the turn of the twentieth century, shipping sulphur, the refining of which has made Licata the largest European exporting centre, and asphalt, and at times shipping cheese.

West of the port city there is a series of pocket beaches separated by wave-cut headlands as high as 40 m. (Amore 2002).

History

Ancient

The site of archaic settlements [Attested by chance finds of Corinthian, Ionic, and Geloan pottery and figurines, now in the museums of Palermo and Agrigento (Stillwell).] , the city was founded on the right bank of the Salso in 282 BCE, by Phintias, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who named it for himself, razing the city of Gela and resettling its population at his new settlement. (Diod. xxii. 2, p. 495.) Phintias laid it out on a great scale, with its walls, temples, and agora. As late as the first century BCE, inscriptions and coins show that the inhabitants retained the name "Geloi". The setting took advantage of a small natural harbour, about 80 m across, which corresponds to a natural depression along the coast that is now infilled with construction. The site was protected by the headland now named Monte San Michele. At nearby Cape Ecnomus, in 256 BCE the Romans won a major battle in the First Punic War.

Phintias, however, never rose to a degree of importance at all to be compared to that of Gela: it is mentioned in the First Punic War (249 BC) as affording shelter to a Roman fleet, which was, however, attacked in the roadstead by that of the Carthaginians, and many of the ships sunk. (Diod. xxiv. 1, p. 508.) Cicero also alludes to it as a seaport, carrying on a considerable export trade in corn. (Cic. "Verr." iii. 8. 3) But in Strabo's time it seems to have fallen into the same state of decay with the other cities on the south coast of Sicily, as he does not mention it among the few exceptions. (Strab. vi. p. 272.) Pliny, indeed, notices the Phintienses (or Phthinthienses as the name is written in some manuscripts) among the stipendiary towns of Sicily; and its name is found also in Ptolemy (who writes it polytonic|Φθινθία); but it is strange that both these writers reckon it among the inland towns of Sicily, though its maritime position is clearly attested both by Diodorus and Cicero. The Antonine Itinerary also gives a place called Plintis, doubtless a corruption of Phintias, which it places on the road from Agrigentum along the coast towards Syracuse, at the distance of 23 miles from the former city. (Itin. Ant. p. 95.) This distance agrees tolerably well with that from Agrigento to Licata, though somewhat below the truth. There is indeed no doubt, from existing remains on the hill immediately above Licata, that the site was occupied in ancient times; and, though these have been regarded by local antiquarians as the ruins of ancient Gela, there is little doubt of the correctness of the opinion advanced by Cluverius, that that city is to be placed on the site of then called Terranova since renamed to its ancient form, Gela, and the vestiges which remain at Licata are those of Phintias. (Cluver. Sicil. pp. 200, 214.)

Middle and Modern Ages

The current historical centre devleoped during the Byzantine domination, near the seaside castle of Lympiados. The Arabs conquered Licata in 827; their rule lasted for more than two centuries and was ended by the capture by the Normans on july 25 1086. During the Norman-Hohenstaufen age the town flourished and was recognized the title of "Cittè Demaniale" ("Crown's City").

In 1270 Licata (then having some 7,000 inhabitants) rebelled against the new Angevine domination in the course of the Sicilian Vespers, which led to the domination of the Aragonese, which granted it the title of "fidelissima" ("the Most Faithful") in 1447. In 1553 the city was sacked by Dragut's corsairs; therefore it was decided to rebuild the walls and a massive towers was erected on the summit of Sant'Angelo hill.

Licata began again to flourish in the 16th century, thanks also to the presence of a community of Maltese immigrants, continuing in its expansion period well into the 17th century, when the first burgh built outside the wall, housing the crowing Maltese community, appeared, and numerous other buildings were built or remaed in Baroque fashion. The port was frequented by numerous merchant fleet, especially for the trade of grain.

Contemporary era

In 1820 Licata rose against the Bourbon rulers of the Kingdom of the Two Silicies, led by patriot Matteo Vecchio Verderame. During the Expedition of the Thousand under Giuseppe Garibaldi, the town contributed with a whole corps, and housed for a night Garibaldi's son Menotti and his general Nino Bixio.

The 1870s saw the construction of two bridges connecting to the sulphur mines in the mainland and five refineries (including the then largest in Europe) were built. This brought a considerable economic expansion, leading to the creation of several patrician residences in Licata.

Licata served as an Allied landing point during the 1943 World War II invasion of Sicily. War destructions and the decline of the Licata's sulphur competitivity, caused a decline in the territory, forcing many people to emigrate to northern Italy or abroad.

Licata has however maintained its artistic importance, and tourism has begun to flourish again in recent times. Otherwise, today the economy is mostly relying on fishing.

The Museo Civico displays many archaeological finds, material from burial grounds dating from prehistoric times to the 3rd Century BC.

Main sights

*Archaeological remains of the ancient Greek city, at Monte Sant'Angelo. Here is also a Spanish watch fort dating from the 16th century.
*The necropolis of Monte Petrulla
*The "Grangela", and hydraulic work of Pre-Hellenistic times
*"Frourion" of Falaride, a Greek fortress
*The lighthouse, which is the third tallest in Italy
*Church of "Santa Maria La Nova", built in the 15th century but largely renovated in following times. It houses the Black Christ's Chapel.
*the "Carmine" (13th century), including a church and a convent, rebuilt in the 18th century under design by Giovanni Biagio Amico.
*"Palazzo di Città", a noteworthy example of Sicilian liberty style, designed by Ernesto Basile.

ister cities

* Cestas, France
* Reinheim, Germany

Notes

References

*SmithDGRG
*C. Amore "et al.", "Historical evolution of the Salso River mouth, with respoect to the Licata harbour system" in Eurocoast/EUCC, "Littoral 2002" ( [http://www.io-warnemuende.de/homepages/schernewski/Littoral2000/docs/vol2/Littoral2002_31.pdf on-line] )
* [http://icarus.umkc.edu/sandbox/perseus/pecs/page.3569.a.php Richard Stillwell, ed. "Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites", 1976:] "Phintias (Licata) Sicily"