Interleukin 10

Interleukin-10 (IL-10 or IL10), also known as human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (CSIF), is an anti-inflammatory cytokine.

This cytokine is produced primarily by monocytes and to a lesser extent by lymphocytes. This cytokine has pleiotropic effects in immunoregulation and inflammation. It down-regulates the expression of Th1 cytokines, MHC class II antigens, and costimulatory molecules on macrophages. It also enhances B cell survival, proliferation, and antibody production. This cytokine can block NF-κB activity, and is involved in the regulation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Knockout studies in mice suggested the function of this cytokine as an essential immunoregulator in the intestinal tract. [cite web | title = Entrez Gene: IL10 interleukin 10| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3586| accessdate = ]

A study in mice has shown that interleukin-10 is also produced by mast cells, counteracting the inflammatory effect that these cells have at the site of an allergic reaction. [cite journal | author=Grimbaldeston M et al |title=Mast cell–derived interleukin 10 limits skin pathology in contact dermatitis and chronic irradiation with ultraviolet B |journal=Nature Immunology |volume=8 |issue= |pages= 1095–1104 |year= 2007 | doi=10.1038/ni1503]

Function

It is capable of inhibiting synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-3, TNFα and GM-CSF made by cells such as macrophages and the Type 1 T helper cells.

IL-10 also displays potent abilities to suppress the antigen presentation capacity of antigen presenting cells.

However, it is also stimulatory towards certain T cells, mast cells and B cells.

Expression

It is mainly expressed in monocytes and Type 2 T helper cells (T_H2), mast cells, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, and also in a certain subset of activated T cells and B cells.

It is released by cytotoxic T-cells to inhibit the actions of NK cells during the immune response to viral infection.

Gene and Protein Structure

In humans, the IL-10 gene is located in chromosome 1 and consists of 5 exons.

The IL-10 protein is a homodimer . Each subunit is 178 amino acids long.

References

Further reading

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citations =
*cite journal | author=Moore KW, de Waal Malefyt R, Coffman RL, O'Garra A |title=Interleukin-10 and the interleukin-10 receptor |journal=Annu. Rev. Immunol. |volume=19 |issue= |pages= 683–765 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11244051 |doi= 10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.683
*cite journal | author=Girndt M |title=Humoral immune responses in uremia and the role of IL-10 |journal=Blood Purif. |volume=20 |issue= 5 |pages= 485–8 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12207099 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Beebe AM, Cua DJ, de Waal Malefyt R |title=The role of interleukin-10 in autoimmune disease: systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and multiple sclerosis (MS) |journal=Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. |volume=13 |issue= 4-5 |pages= 403–12 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12220553 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Mocellin S, Panelli MC, Wang E, "et al." |title=The dual role of IL-10 |journal=Trends Immunol. |volume=24 |issue= 1 |pages= 36–43 |year= 2004 |pmid= 12495723 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Roncarolo MG, Battaglia M, Gregori S |title=The role of interleukin 10 in the control of autoimmunity |journal=J. Autoimmun. |volume=20 |issue= 4 |pages= 269–72 |year= 2004 |pmid= 12791310 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Groux H, Cottrez F |title=The complex role of interleukin-10 in autoimmunity |journal=J. Autoimmun. |volume=20 |issue= 4 |pages= 281–5 |year= 2004 |pmid= 12791313 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Llorente L, Richaud-Patin Y |title=The role of interleukin-10 in systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=J. Autoimmun. |volume=20 |issue= 4 |pages= 287–9 |year= 2004 |pmid= 12791314 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Asadullah K, Sabat R, Friedrich M, "et al." |title=Interleukin-10: an important immunoregulatory cytokine with major impact on psoriasis |journal=Current drug targets. Inflammation and allergy |volume=3 |issue= 2 |pages= 185–92 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15180472 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Stenvinkel P, Ketteler M, Johnson RJ, "et al." |title=IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-alpha: central factors in the altered cytokine network of uremia--the good, the bad, and the ugly |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=67 |issue= 4 |pages= 1216–33 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15780075 |doi= 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00200.x
*cite journal | author=Copeland KF |title=Modulation of HIV-1 transcription by cytokines and chemokines |journal=Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry |volume=5 |issue= 12 |pages= 1093–101 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16375755 |doi=

External links

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