Shiva Samhita

Shiva Samhita (also "Siva Samhita") is a Sanskrit text on yoga, written by an unknown authorcite web
url=http://www.presentmomentretreat.com/yoga-glossary/shiva-samhita.htm
title=Shiva Samhita
accessdate=2007-02-13] . The text is addressed by the Hindu god Shiva to his consort Parvati ("Shiva Samhita" means "Shiva's Compendium"). It is one of three major surviving classical treatises on hatha yoga, the other two being Gheranda Samhita and Hatha Yoga Pradipika [cite web
url=http://www.jonnmumfordconsult.com/articles_HathaYoga.html
title=Hatha Yoga
publisher=Yoga Magic
accessdate=2007-02-13] . The Shiva Samhita is considered the most comprehensive and the most democratic treatise on hatha yogacite web
url=http://www.yogajournal.com/history/printarticle.html
title=The History of Yoga
author=Linda Sparrowe
publisher=Yoga Journal
accessdate=2007-02-13] .

Date

Many believe that Shiva Samhita was written in 17th [cite web
url=http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~keutzer/kundalini/kunda-bib-web.html
title=Kundalini Bibliography
author=Kurt Keutzer
accessdate=2007-02-13] [cite web
url=http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1994/12/1994-12-06.shtml
title=Hindu Timeline #4
accessdate=2007-02-13] or 18th [cite web
url=http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Siva_Samhita/id/62066
title=Hinduism Dictionary: Siva Samhita
publisher=Himalayan Academy
accessdate=2007-02-13] century, but in a 2007 translation, James Mallinson dates the text before 1500 CEcite web
url=http://www.yogavidya.com/Yoga/ShivaSamhita.pdf
title=The Shiva Samhita, translated by James Mallinson
publisher=Yoga Vidya
accessdate=2007-02-13] , as it has been cited by many works believed to have been composed in 17th century. Based on the clues given in the text, Mallinson also believes that the Shiva Samhita was composed in or around Varanasi.

Content

Shiva Samhita talks about the complex physiology, names 84 different asanas (only four of which are described in detail), describes five specific types of "prana", and provides techniques to regulate them. It also deals with abstract yogic philosophy, mudras, tantric practices, and meditationcite web
url=http://faculty.washington.edu/swittet/Satyananda/html/supplies_yoga_nidra_cd_and_shiva_samhita.htm
title=Shiva Samhita
publisher=Satyananda Yoga Center, Kathmandu
accessdate=2007-02-13] . It emphasizes that even a common householder can practice yoga and benefit from it. There is a distinct Buddhist influence that runs throughout the text.

The first chapter mentions various methods of liberation and philosophical standpoints. The second chapter describes the nadis, the internal fire, and the working of the jiva. The third chapter describes the winds in the body, the importance of the guru, the four stages of the Yoga, the five elemental visualizations and four asanas in detail. The fourth chapter deals with the eleven mudras that can result in yogic attainments. The fifth chapter is the longest and most diverse -- it describes obstacles to the liberation, the four types of aspirants, the technique of shadow gazing, the internal sound, the esoteric centers and energies in the body (such as the kundalini), the seven lotuses, the "king of kings of yogas", and a global mantra.

Translations

Many English translations of Shiva Samhita have been made. The earliest known English translation is by Shri Chandra Vasu (1884, Lahore) in the series known as "The Sacred Books of the Hindus" The translation by Rai Bahadur and Srisa Chandra Vasu in 1914, also in the series known as "The Sacred Books of the Hindus", was the first translation to find a global audience. However, it omits certain sections (such as vajroli mudra) and is considered inaccurate by some. In 2007, James Mallinson made a new translation to address these issues. The new translation is based on the only available critical edition of the text — the one publIshed in 1999 by the Kaivalya Dham Yoga Research Institute.

External links

* [http://yogavidya.com/ss.html Critical edition with English translation (2007)] by James Mallinson (Free PDF)
* [http://www.shastras.com//?dl=Siva_Samhita.zip An English translation] (PDF), based on the 1914 edition translated by Rai Bahadur/Srisa Chandra Vasu and another unidentified edition (registration required for download)
* [http://www.outercol.org/pdf/SHIVA.pdf An English translation (1887)] by Srischandra Basu (PDF)

References