Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 40 BC)

Gaius Asinius Pollio (sometimes wrongly called Pollius or Philo) (75 BC – AD 4) [Jerome ("Chronicon" [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_chronicle_03_part2.htm 2020] ) says he died in AD 4 in the seventieth year of his life, which would place the year of his birth at 65 BC.] was a Roman orator, poet, playwright, literary critic and historian, whose lost contemporary history, provided much of the material for the historians Appian and Plutarch. Pollio was most famously a patron of Virgil and a friend of Horace and had poems dedicated to him by both men. [Virgil, "Eclogues" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Verg.+Ecl.+4 4] , [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Verg.+Ecl.+8 8] ; Horace, "Carmina" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hor.+Carm.+2.1 2.1] ]

Early life

An inscription tells us his father was called Gnaeus. [William Smith, "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology", 1870, [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2770.html Vol. 3 pp. 437-439] ] He had a brother called Asinius Marrucinus, known for his tasteless practical jokes, [Catullus, "Carmina" [http://rudy.negenborn.net/catullus/text2/e12.htm 12] ] whose name suggests a family origin among the Marrucini. He may therefore have been the grandson of Herius Asinius, a plebean, General of the Marrucini who fought on the Italian side in the Social War. [Livy, "Periochae" [http://www.livius.org/li-ln/livy/periochae/periochae071.html#73 73.9] ] Pollio moved in the literary circle of Catullus, and entered public life in 56 by supporting the policy of Lentulus Spinther. In 54 BC he unsuccessfully impeached Gaius Cato, a distant relative of the more famous Cato the younger, who, in his tribunate in 56 BC, had acted as the tool of the triumvirs Pompey, Crassus and Caesar.

Political career

Despite his initial support of Lentulus Spinther, in the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, Pollio sided with Caesar. He was present while Caesar deliberated whether to cross the Rubicon and start the war. [Plutarch, "Caesar" [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caesar*.html#32 32] ] After Pompey and the Senate had fled to Greece, Caesar sent Pollio to Sicily to relieve Cato of his command. [Appian, "Civil Wars" [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/2*.html#40 2.40] ] He and Gaius Scribonius Curio were sent to Africa to fight the province's governor, the Pompeian Publius Attius Varus. Curio defeated Varus at Utica, despite the Africans having poisoned the water supply. Curio marched to face Pompey's ally King Juba of Numidia, but was defeated and killed, along with all his men, on the Bagradas River. Pollio managed to retreat to Utica with a small force. [Appian, "Civil Wars" [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/2*.html#45 2.45] ] He was present as Caesar's legate at the Battle of Pharsalus (48 BC), and recorded Pompeian casualties at 6,000. [Appian, "Civil Wars" [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/2*.html#82 2.82] ]

In 47 BC he was probably tribune, and resisted the efforts of another tribune, Publius Cornelius Dolabella, to cancel all debts. It was rumoured at the same time that Dolabella had cuckolded him. [Plutarch, "Antony" [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Antony*.html#9 9] ] The following year returned to Africa, this time with Caesar himself, in pursuit of Cato and Scipio. [Plutarch, "Caesar" [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caesar*.html#52 52] ]

Time in Hispania

When Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, Pollio was leading his forces in Hispania against Sextus Pompeius, distinguishing himself early on. [Velleius Paterculus, "Roman History" [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2C*.html#73 2.73] ] He had accepted the commission reluctantly because of a personal enmity with another of Caesar's allies. Marcus Aemilus Lepidus was appointed the new governor of the province, [Velleius Paterculus, "Roman History" [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2C*.html#63 2.63] ] but Pollio, while remaining loyal to Caesar's supporters, held out against him, announcing at Corduba that he would not hand over his province to anyone who did not have a commission from the Senate. [Cicero, "Letters to Friends" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Cic.+Fam.+10.31 10.31] ] A few months later his quaestor, Lucius Cornelius Balbus, absconded from Gades with the money intended to pay the soldiers, and fled to Mauretania. [Cicero, "Letters to Friends" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Cic.+Fam.+10.32 10.32] ] Pollio was then so severely defeated by Pompeius that he had to escape the battlefield in disguise. [Cassius Dio, "Roman History" [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/45*.html#10 45.10] ]

Role in the Civil War

Pollio prevaricated between Mark Antony and Octavian as civil war between them brewed, [Cicero, "Letters to Friends" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Cic.+Fam.+10.32 10.32] , [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Cic.+Fam.+10.33 10.33] ; Appian, "Civil Wars" [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/3*.html#46 3.46] ] but ultimately threw in his lot with Antony. [Appian, "Civil Wars" [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/3*.html#97 3.97] ] Antony, Lepidus and Octavian soon joined forces in the Second Triumvirate. In their series of bloody proscriptions, Pollio's father-in-law, Lucius Quintius, was one of the first to be marked for murder. He fled by sea, but committed suicide by throwing himself overboard. [Appian, "Civil Wars" [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/4*.html#12 4.12] , [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/4*.html#27 27] ] In the division of the provinces, Gaul fell to Antony, who entrusted Pollio with the administration of Gallia Transpadana (the part of Cisalpine Gaul between the Po and the Alps). [Velleius Paterculus, "Roman History" [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2C*.html#76 2.76] ] In superintending the distribution of the Mantuan territory amongst the veterans, he used his influence to save from confiscation the property of the poet Virgil.

In 40 BC he helped to arrange the peace of Brundisium by which Octavian and Antony were for a time reconciled. In the same year Pollio entered upon his consulship, which had been promised him in 43 BC. It was at this time that Virgil addressed the famous fourth "eclogue" to him. Virgil, like other Romans, hoped that peace was at hand and looked forward to a Golden Age under Pollio's consulship. However, it is known that he later abdicated.

The following year Pollio conducted a successful campaign against the Parthini, an Illyrian people who adhered to Marcus Junius Brutus, [Cassius Dio, "Roman History" [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/48*.html#41.7 48.41.7] ] and celebrated a triumph on October 25. Virgil's eighth "eclogue" was addressed to Pollio while he was engaged in this campaign.

In 31 BC Octavian asked him to take part in the Battle of Actium against Antony, but Pollio, remembering kindnesses Antony had shown him, remained neutral. [Velleius Paterculus, "Roman History" [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2C*.html#86 2.86] ]

Life after the Civil War

From the spoils of the war he constructed the first public library at Rome, in the "Atrium Libertatis", also erected by him, [Pliny, "Natural History" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+35.2 35.10] ] which he adorned with statues of the most celebrated heroes. The library had Greek and Latin wings, and reportedly its establishment posthumously fulfilled one of Caesar's ambitions. After his military and political successes, he appears to have retired into private life as a patron of literary figures and a writer. He was known as a severe literary critic, fond of an archaic style and purity.

In retirement, Pollio organized literary readings where he encouraged authors to read their own work, and he was the first Roman author to recite his own works. One of the most dramatic such readings brought the poet Virgil to the attention of the imperial family, when Virgil read from his work-in-progress the Aeneid, and flattered the imperial family by his portrayal of Aeneas, whom the Julii Caesares believed to be their direct patrilineal ancestor. As a result, Virgil was praised by Augustus himself. [Tony Perrotet, [http://www.believermag.com/issues/200309/?read=article_perrottet "The Ancient Roman Reading Craze"] , [http://www.believermag.com/ The Believer] , September 2003]

Pollio appears to have died in that year, perhaps immediately after the reading. He may have died in his villa at Tusculum. He was apparently a staunch republican, and thus held himself somewhat aloof from Augustus.

Pollio is also notable as the father of Gaius Asinius Gallus, the second husband of Vipsania Agrippina, daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Augustus's partner, second-in-command and second son-in-law. The son Gallus and Vipsania had several sons together, of whom two were full consuls and a third was consul suffect.

References

*The article also includes some material from the 1964 Encyclopedia Britannica

Footnotes

Further reading

* Louis H. Feldman, [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0009-8388(1985)2%3A35%3A1%3C240%3AAPAHS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6 "Asinius Pollio and Herod's Sons"] , "The Classical Quarterly", New Series, Vol. 35, No. 1 (1985), pp. 240-243. Article reading online requires subscription to JSTOR.
* Miland Brown, [http://www.worldhistoryblog.com/2007/06/loot-plunder-and-new-public-library.html Loot, Plunder, and a New Public Library] .
* G. S. Bobinski, (1994). Library Philanthropy. In W.A Wiegand and D.G. Davis (Eds.), "Encyclopedia of Library History". New York: Garland Publishing.

Coinage Link

[http://www.trezorix.nl/bdk/bdk/i000203.html Coinage of Gaius Asinius Pollio]