Cochliobolus sativus

Cochliobolus sativus
Symptoms on a wheat leaf
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Phylum:	Ascomycota
Class:	Ascomycetes
Order:	Pleosporales
Family:	Pleosporaceae
Genus:	Cochliobolus
Species:	C. sativus
Binomial name
Cochliobolus sativus (S. Ito & Kurib.) Drechsler ex Dastur (1942)
Synonyms
Bipolaris californica (Mackie & G.E. Paxton) Gornostaĭ (1978) Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker (1959) Drechslera sorokiniana (Sacc.) Subram. & B.L. Jain (1966) Helminthosporium acrothecioides Lindf. (1918) Helminthosporium californicum Mackie & G.E. Paxton (1923) Helminthosporium sativum Pammel, C.M. King & Bakke (1910) Helminthosporium sorokinianum Sacc. (1890) Ophiobolus sativus S. Ito & Kurib. (1929)

The fungus Cochliobolus sativus is the teleomorph (sexual stage) of Bipolaris sorokiniana (anamorph) which is the causal agent of a wide variety of cereal diseases. The pathogen can infect and cause disease on the root (where it is known as common root rot), leaf and stem, and head tissue. C.sativus is extremely rare in nature and thus it is the asexual or anamorphic stage which causes infections. The two most common diseases caused by B.sorokiniana are spot blotch and common root rot, mainly on wheat and barley crops.

Identification

The mycelium of B.sorokiniana is usually deep olive-brown. New cultures produce abundant simple conidiophores, which may be single or clustered and measure 6-10 x 110-220 μm with septations. Conidia develop laterally from pores beneath each conidiophore setpum. Conidia are olive-brown and ovate to oblong, with rounded ends and a prominent basal scar. They measure 15-28 x 40-120 μm and are 3- to 10- septate. Some may be slightly curved. Their walls are smooth and noticeably thickened at the septa.^[1]

The sexual state (C.sativus), when formed in culture, is in the form of black, globose pseudothecia 300-400 μm in diameter, with erect beaks 50-200 μm long. Asci are clavate and measure 20-35 x 150-250 μm. Ascospores are hyaline, uniformly filamentous, and spirally flexed within asci. They measure 5-10 x 200-250 μm and are 4- to 10-septate.^[1]

Host species

Agropyron cristatum¹, Allium sp. ¹, Alopecurus pratensis¹, Aneurolepidium chinense¹, Avena sativa¹

Bromus inermis¹, B. marginatus¹, B. willdenowii¹

Calluna vulgaris¹, Chloris gayana¹, Cicer arietinum¹, Clinelymus dahuricus¹, C. sibiricus¹, Cynodon dactylon¹, C. transvaalensis¹

Dactylis glomerata¹

Echinochloa crus-galli¹, Elymus junceus¹

Festuca sp. ¹

Guzmania sp. ¹

Hordeum brevisubulatum¹, H. distichon¹, H. sativum var. hexastichon¹, H. vulgare¹, H. vulgare var. hexastichon¹

Lablab purpureus¹, Linum usitatissimum¹, Lolium multiflorum¹

Pennisetum typhoides¹

Roegneria semicostata¹

Saccharum sp. ¹, Secale cereale¹, Setaria italica¹, Sorghum sp. ¹

Taraxacum kok-saghyz¹, Trisetum aestivum¹, Triticum aestivum¹, T. secale¹, T. turgidum subsp. durum, T. vulgare¹’’

Zea mays¹

Notes

1. USDA ARS Fungal Database

Geographical distribution

Cochliobolus sativus has a world-wide distribution.

Geographical distribution
Africa	Kenya,1 Malawi,1 Sudan,1 South Africa, 1 Tanzania, 1 Zimbabwe1
Australasia	Australia,1 China, 1 Korea, 1 India, 1 Indonesia, 1 New Zealand,1 Papua New Guinea,1 Taiwan, 1 Thailand1
Central America	Cuba, 1 Mexico, 1 Nicaragua1
Europe	Austria, 1 Belgium, 1 Czechoslovakia, 1 Denmark, 1 Germany, 1 Greece, 1 Hungary, 1 Italy, 1 Poland, 1 Scotland, 1 United Kingdom, 1 USSR
North America	Canada (Alberta, 1 Manitoba, 1 Saskatchewan1) US (Indiana, 1 Kansas, 1 Minnesota, 1 Montana, 1 New York, 1 North Dakota, 1 South Dakota, 1 Utah, 1 Virginia1)
South America	Argentina, 1 Brazil1

Notes

1. USDA ARS Fungal Database

Main diseases

Common root rot (barley); Common root rot (wheat); spot blotch (barley); Spot blotch (wheat)

Spot blotch of wheat

This is most important disease in non-tradition wheat growing areas. The B. sorokiniana comes with Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and causes millions of tons of wheat loss each year. The symptoms are blotch as well as induced senescence due to premature chlorophyll losses Rosyara et al., 2007^{[dead link]}.

For more details Spot blotch (wheat)

External links

• Index Fungorum
• USDA ARS Fungal Database
• Helminthosporium leaf blights: spot blotch and tan spot
• Diagnosis of Common Root Rot of Wheat and Barley

Research articles

Duczek, L.J. (1981). "Number and viability of conidia of Cochliobolus sativus in soil profiles in summerfallow fields in Saskatchewan". CJPP 3: 12–14. http://www.cps-scp.ca/download/cjpp-archive/Vol3/CJPP3(1)12-14(1981).pdf. 

Duczek, L.J. (1994). "Constitutive dormancy in conidia of Bipolaris sorokiniana". CJPP 16: 347–349. http://www.cps-scp.ca/download/cjpp-archive/Vol16/CJPP16(4)347-349(1994).pdf. 

Duczek, L.J. (1995). "Evidence of cold hardening in Bipolaris sorokiniana". CJPP 17: 342–345. http://www.cps-scp.ca/download/cjpp-archive/Vol17/CJPP17(4)342-345(1995).pdf. 

Fradkin, A.; Z.A. Patrick (1985). "Interactions between conidia of Cochliobolus satuvus and soil baceteria as affected by physical contact and exogenous nutrients". CJPP 17: 7–18. http://www.cps-scp.ca/download/cjpp-archive/Vol7/CJPP7(1)7-18(1985).pdf. 

Fradkin, A.; Z.A. Patrick (1985). "Effect of matric potential, pH, temperature , and clay minerals on bacterial colonization of conidia of Cochliobolus sativus and on their survival in soil". CJPP 7: 19–27. http://www.cps-scp.ca/download/cjpp-archive/Vol7/CJPP7(1)19-27(1985).pdf. 

Harding, H. (1984). "Spore-color mutants of Bipolaris sorokiniana". CJPP 6: 273–279. http://www.cps-scp.ca/download/cjpp-archive/Vol6/CJPP6(4)273-279(1984).pdf. 

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Wiese, M.V. (1987). Compendium of wheat diseases. American Phytopathological Society. pp. 124 pp. Ascus