New York Railways

The New York Railways Company, reorganized into the New York Railways Corporation in 1925, and also known as the Green Lines, [ [http://davesrailpix.com/nyc/nyc.htm#nyr Dave's Electric Railroads: New York Railway] ; several photographs show "GREEN LINES" on the side of the cars] was a street railway in Manhattan, New York City, United States. From 1911 to 1936, when all of its remaining lines were replaced with bus routes, New York Railways was the largest street railway in Manhattan. Its primary competitor, the Third Avenue Railway, continued to operate trolleys until the late 1940s. The bus routes that replaced the New York Railways lines are now operated by the Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority, a subsidiary of the New York City Transit Authority.

History

Consolidation, 1886 to 1907

The first streetcars in Manhattan - and in the world - were the horse cars of the New York and Harlem Railroad, which began operations on the Bowery on November 26, 1832. [New York Times, [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30B16F83959107A93C5AB178AD85F418385F9 Buses Crowd Out Historic Car Line] , January 27, 1935, page N1] By the end of 1865, Manhattan had eleven north-south lines on most of the major avenues, and several crosstown lines, operated by twelve companies. [New York Times, , December 26, 1865, page 8] This number had increased to about twenty companies by 1886, with only two leases in effect at the time: the One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Street Railroad to the Third Avenue Railroad (1870) and the Bleecker Street and Fulton Ferry Railroad to the Twenty-third Street Railway (1876).Harry James Carman, [http://books.google.com/books?id=KpjXXR8VNg0C The Street Surface Railway Franchises of New York City] , 1919, pp. 204-220]

A group of Philadelphia businessmen headed by Peter A. B. Widener, Thomas Dolan, and William L. Elkins incorporated the Metropolitan Traction Company in New Jersey on February 19, 1886. This holding company immediately started acquiring the Manhattan street railways, starting by buying the Broadway and Seventh Avenue Railroad, Houston, West Street and Pavonia Ferry Railroad, and Chambers Street and Grand Street Ferry Railroad in June 1886, forming a system of three north-south and two crosstown lines. Added to this system were the South Ferry Railroad in January 1889, the Twenty-third Street Railway in March 1890, the Broadway Railway in October 1890, and the Metropolitan Cross-Town Railway in March 1891. A new Metropolitan Traction Company of New York, with almost twice the capitalization of the old company, took over on August 4, 1892, and continued to buy railroads: the Central Park, North and East River Railroad (minority interest) in August 1892, the Forty-second Street and Grand Street Ferry Railroad in March 1893, the Thirty-fourth Street and Eleventh Avenue Railroad in April 1893, the Columbus and Ninth Avenue Railroad and Lexington Avenue and Pavonia Ferry Railroad in May 1893, the Fulton Street Railroad in October 1895, the Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth Streets Crosstown Railroad in September 1896,Fact|date=May 2007 and the Central Crosstown Railroad (which had leased the Christopher and Tenth Street Railroad in 1890) in May 1897. [ [http://books.google.com/books?id=Yn-jZRn57YUC American Street Railway Investments] , a Supplement to the Street Railway Journal, 1897, p. 171]

The Traction Company also began leasing its subsidiaries to each other, starting with the leases to the Houston, West Street and Pavonia Ferry Railroad of the Broadway and Seventh Avenue Railroad (May 13, 1890), the Chambers Street and Grand Street Ferry Railroad (January 31, 1891), and the Twenty-third Street Railway, including its lease of the Bleecker Street and Fulton Ferry Railroad (April 25, 1893). Two companies not owned by the Traction Company - the Sixth Avenue Railroad and Ninth Avenue Railroad - were leased to the Houston on February 1 and March 12, 1892. The minority-owned Central Park, North and East River Railroad and majority-owned Forty-second Street and Grand Street Ferry Railroad were leased to not only the Houston, but also the Metropolitan Cross-Town Railway, on October 14, 1892 and April 6, 1893. The Houston merged with the Broadway Railway and South Ferry Railroad on December 12, 1893, forming the Metropolitan Street Railway Company. That company was merged with the Lexington Avenue and Pavonia Ferry Railroad and Metropolitan Cross-Town Railway on May 28, 1894, creating a second company with the same name, and a third Metropolitan Street Railway was formed on November 12, 1895, when it was merged with the Columbus and Ninth Avenue Railroad. The Metropolitan leased two other non-owned lines: the Eighth Avenue Railroad on November 23, 1895 and the New York and Harlem Railroad (City Line) on June 11, 1896. On September 16, 1897, the Metropolitan Traction Company, which had acquired most of Manhattan's street railways, was dissolved, the stock being transferred to the Metropolitan Street Railway. That company signed operating agreements with the Fulton Street Railroad on February 19, 1896 and the Thirty-fourth Street Crosstown Railway (which had been formed in March 1896 by a merger of the Thirty-fourth Street and Eleventh Avenue Railroad with its lessor, the Thirty-fourth Street Railroad) on December 21, 1896, and acquired a lease on the Second Avenue Railroad on January 28, 1898.Metropolitan Street Railway Company, [http://books.google.com/books?id=fbdnoBZ6pnwC&pgis=1 Metropolitan Street Railway Company Mortgage and Deed of Trust] , 1902] [http://books.google.com/books?id=VuIEAAAAMAAJ Interborough Finance, Present and Future] , published by Van Emburgh & Atterbury, 1917, pp. 9, 22-25]

The only remaining company was the Third Avenue Railroad, which had built up its own system through ownership and leases. Among the company's lines were two crosstown lines on 42nd Street and 125th Street, two north-south lines on Third Avenue and Broadway, the entire street railway network of the Bronx, and a number of lines in Westchester County. [Bureau of the Census, [http://books.google.com/books?id=rr8gAAAAMAAJ Special Reports: Street and Electric Railways] , 1902, p. 124] The great cost of electrifying its lines brought it to bankruptcy in 1900, and the Metropolitan acquired a majority of its stock in March of that year [ [http://books.google.com/books?id=HfOBZ9ZT7uMC American Street Railway Investments] , a Supplement to the Street Railway Journal, 1900, pp. 2, 178] and leased it on April 13. With this acquisition, the Metropolitan had complete control of the street railways of Manhattan and the Bronx.

The Interurban Street Railway Company was incorporated on November 25, 1901 to take over the bankrupt North Mount Vernon Street Railway. The Interurban leased the overcapitalized and water-logged Metropolitan on February 14, 1902, and the newly-formed Metropolitan Securities Company acquired the stock of the Interurban, which itself took over the stock of many of the Metropolitan's subsidiaries. The Interurban's name was changed to the New York City Railway Company on February 10, 1904. The Metropolitan leased the Central Crosstown Railroad, which it had owned - and through it the Christopher and Tenth Street Railroad - on February 8, 1904. [Carman, p. 139] On November 1, 1905, when the Fort George and Eleventh Avenue Railroad - controlled by the Metropolitan since its incorporation in 1898 [New York Times, [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70F15FB3A5D11738DDDAD0A94DF405B8885F0D3 untitled] , July 24, 1898, page 12] - opened its line on 145th Street, it entered into an operating agreement with the New York City Railway. [http://books.google.com/books?id=j47IQgaWJM4C American Street Railway Investments] , published by the Street Railway Journal, 1908, p. 237-244]

The New York City Interborough Railway began operating street railways in the Bronx and Upper Manhattan on May 31, 1906, feeding the stations of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, which controlled it. Prior to this, in January 1906, the Interborough and Metropolitan agreed to consolidate their holdings, and the Interborough-Metropolitan Company was incorporated on January 24 and acquired a majority of the stock of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, Metropolitan Street Railway, and Metropolitan Securities Company. The Panic of 1907 toppled the system, and on September 24, 1907 the New York City Railway entered receivership.

eparation, reorganization, and abandonment, 1907 to 1936

The New York City Railway's leases and operating agreements were canceled and their properties were turned over to the receivers of the subsidiaries in 1908: the Third Avenue Railroad and its large system on January 12, the Metropolitan Street Railway on August 1, the Central Park, North and East River Railroad in August,Fact|date=May 2007 the Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth Streets Crosstown Railroad on October 1, [Carman, p. 189] and the Second Avenue Railroad in 1910.Fact|date=May 2007 The Fulton Street Railroad was abandoned on June 1, 1908. [Carman, p. 193] The remaining Metropolitan Street Railway lines were operated by the receivers until January 1, 1912, when they were turned over to the Interborough Consolidated Corporation-controlled New York Railways Company, incorporated December 30, 1911. [New York Times, [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0B12FD395E13738DDDA80B94DA415B818DF1D3 New York Railways Company is Formed] , December 31, 1911, page 12]

The New York Railways Company entered receivership on March 20, 1919 [New York Times, [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00C12FD385511738DDDA80A94DB405B898DF1D3 U.S. Court Makes Hedges Receiver for N.Y. Railways] , March 21, 1919, page 1] after an application for a fare increase was denied. [New York Times, [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20F16FA395511738DDDAD0894D9405B898DF1D3 Deny Higher Fare to Shonts Roads] , January 4, 1919, page 1] The Eighth Avenue Railroad and Ninth Avenue Railroad were split in July [New York Times, [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60711F6355F1B7A93C0A8178CD85F4D8185F9 Orders Separation of 8th Av. Line] , July 12, 1919, page 15] and on October 1, [New York Times, [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0617FD395E157A93C7AB1782D85F4D8185F9 Hedges to Return the 9th Av. Line] , September 25, 1919, page 31] and the New York and Harlem Railroad (City Line) lease was canceled on February 1, 1920. [New York Times, [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40C17F8345C10738DDDA80A94D9405B808EF1D3 Railways Co. Loses Fourth Avenue Line] , January 21, 1920, page 19] During receivership, the process of abandoning unprofitable lines continued, as the last four storage battery lines - the Avenue C Line, Spring and Delancey Streets Line, Madison Street Line, and Sixth Avenue Ferry Line - were discontinued on September 21, 1919. Bus routes managed by the city, soon known as Mayor John Hylan's "emergency bus lines", replaced the rail lines. [New York Times, [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0B1EF6385C1B728DDDAB0994D1405B898DF1D3 East Side Loses Four Surface Lines] , September 12, 1919, page 24] [New York Times, [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70B15FF395E157A93C0AB1782D85F4D8185F9 New Bus Service Starts Downtown] , September 22, 1919, page 7] The Spring and Delancey Streets Line was soon ordered resumed by the courts, and operated until 1931. [Stephen L. Meyers, Manhattan's Lost Streetcars, p. 58] [New York Times, [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40A14F6345A1A738DDDA80B94D9405B808EF1D3 Delancey Line Restored] , January 31, 1920, page 15]

The New York Railways Corporation took over operations from the receiver on May 1, 1925. [New York Times, [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C12FB3F551B7A93CAAB178FD85F418285F9 New York Railways Plan Now Effective] , April 28, 1925, page 27] A majority of stock was bought in August 1926 by the Fifth Avenue Coach Company, which had plans to abandon the lines and replace them with buses operated by the newly-formed New York City Omnibus Corporation. [New York Times, [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B16FC3B5D1A728DDDAF0A94DA405B868EF1D3 Mayor Dissatisfied with New Bus Plan] , February 26, 1926, page 1] [New York Times, [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60E15F835541A7A93C6AB178ED85F428285F9 Coach Line Ready to Rip Up Car Tracks in a Wide Bus Plan] , May 24, 1926, page 1] [New York Times, [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20917FD3D581B7A93C4AB1783D85F428285F9 Fifth Av. Coach Co. Wins Fight to Buy New York Railways] , August 26, 1926, page 1] The Eighth and Ninth Avenue Railroads merged in December 1926 to form the Eighth and Ninth Avenues Railway, [New York Times, [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F1FF73A551B728DDDAD0A94DA415B868EF1D3 Transit Companies Merge] , December 24, 1926, page 22] but that company entered receivership on May 5, 1927, [New York Times, [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20B15F63C5F17738DDDAF0894DD405B878EF1D3 Trolley Lines Here Enter Receivership] , May 6, 1927, page 1] and was bought by the Fifth Avenue Coach Company.Fact|date=May 2007 The New York and Harlem's lines were leased again in 1932.Fact|date=May 2007

The conversion of the New York Railways lines to buses (built by Yellow Coach) had to wait until February 1, 1935, when the Fourth and Madison Avenues Line was switched, because no buses had been available that could carry the heavy passenger loads of Manhattan. The line was a success, and the remaining streetcar lines were replaced starting in November:Electric Railroader's Association, [http://erausa.org/nydiv/pdf/2006_05_nydb.pdf The Bulletin] , Vol. 49, No. 5, May 2006]
*November 12, 1935: Eighth Avenue Line and Ninth and Amsterdam Avenues Line
*February 12, 1936: Broadway Line and Columbus Avenue Line
*March 6, 1936: Seventh Avenue Line and Eighth Street Crosstown Line
*March 12, 1936: Sixth Avenue Line
*March 25, 1936: Lexington Avenue Line
*April 1, 1936: 34th Street Crosstown Line and 116th Street Crosstown Line
*April 8, 1936: 23rd Street Crosstown Line
*April 20, 1936: 14th Street Crosstown Line
*June 8, 1936: 86th Street Crosstown Line

Due to a stockholders' lawsuit, the company had to operate a single trolley trip on each line until early June 1936 to retain the franchises. [New York Times, [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00D17F9385F167B93C2A81788D85F428385F9 Bus Service to Begin on 6th Av. Thursday] , March 10, 1936, page 25] The 86th Street Crosstown Line was the last New York Railways line because Green Bus Lines was operating buses along 86th Street. The New York and Harlem Railroad trolleys (Fourth and Madison Avenues; 86th Street Crosstown was not replaced with buses) were replaced by Madison Avenue Coach Company buses, and the Eighth and Ninth Avenues Railway trolleys by Eighth Avenue Coach Company buses, both companies owned by Fifth Avenue Coach. [New York Times, [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40A11FA3B59167A93C6A9178AD85F408385F9 5 Bus Franchises are Under Inquiry] , January 4, 1934, page 1] [New York Times, [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60A12F93A5A107A93C7A9178BD95F418385F9 Buses to Run Soon on 8th and 9th Avs.] , October 5, 1935, page 17]

List of lines

The following lines were operated by New York Railways in or after 1911. For earlier lines operated by its predecessors, see list of streetcar lines in Manhattan, list of streetcar lines in the Bronx, and list of streetcar lines in Westchester County, New York.;North-south lines
*Lexington Avenue Line
*Fourth and Madison Avenues Line, New York and Harlem Railroad from 1920 to 1932
*Broadway Line
*Sixth Avenue Line
*Sixth Avenue Ferry Line, discontinued in 1919
*Sixth and Amsterdam Avenues Line, discontinued in 1919
*Seventh Avenue Line, crossed the Williamsburg Bridge to Brooklyn until 1919
*Eighth Avenue Line, Eighth Avenue Railroad after 1919
*Ninth and Amsterdam Avenues Line, Ninth Avenue Railroad after 1919
*Broadway and Columbus Avenue Line
*Broadway and Amsterdam Avenue Line, discontinued in 1919;Crosstown lines
*Madison Street Line, discontinued in 1919
*Canal Street Crosstown Line
*Spring and Delancey Streets Line, discontinued in 1931
*Avenue C Line, discontinued in 1919
*Bleecker Street Line, discontinued in 1917
*Eighth Street Crosstown Line
*14th Street Crosstown Line
*17th and 18th Streets Crosstown Line, discontinued in 1913
*23rd Street Crosstown Line
*34th Street Crosstown Line
*86th Street Crosstown Line, New York and Harlem Railroad from 1920 to 1932
*116th Street Crosstown Line
*145th Street Crosstown Line

References