Charles Sanger Mellen

Charles Sanger Mellen (August 16, 1852 – November 17, 1927) was an American railroad man whose career culminated in the presidencies of the Northern Pacific Railway 1897-1903 and the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad 1903-1913.

Railroad Man

Mellen was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, United States, on August 16, 1852. His family soon moved to Concord, New Hampshire where he attended high school, graduating in 1867. Rather than attending college, he began his railroad career as a clerk at the Northern New Hampshire Railroad in Concord in 1870. After a short time at the Central Vermont Railroad and back to the Northern New Hampshire Railroad, he moved to the Boston and Lowell Railroad (B&L) where he was promoted to Superintendent. The Boston and Lowell enjoyed revenues from leasing use of its lines into Boston to the Boston and Maine Railroad. Its policies led the B&M to build its own line into Boston and to fight with the B&L to the New Hampshire courts. Mellen was the President of the B&L when it lost its court case, and ceased independent operations in 1887 when it was leased to the Boston and Maine Railroad. From 1888 to 1892 he was purchasing agent, then General Traffic Manager of the Union Pacific Railroad, where he formed a friendship with Diamond Jim Brady. In 1892, he became general manager of the New York and New England Railroad, during a time when it was engaged in a bitter war with the New Haven. Charles P. Clark, the New Haven's president, hired him away from his competitor in November 1892. Mellen later testified that "[Clark] said I was too much of a nuisance on the New England." Mellen came to the attention of J. P. Morgan when he drove such a hard bargain with the New York Central that Chauncey Depew complained to Morgan, a director of both the New Haven and the New York Central. Morgan's grandfather was an original investor in the Hartford and New Haven Railroad, one of the two principal predecessors of the New Haven. His interests had led him to become a director of the New Haven in 1891.

Morgan man at Northern Pacific

Morgan's bank had become receiver of the Northern Pacific in August 1893. Mellen had an active role in the reorganization and became president of the NP when it emerged from receivership in 1896. During his tenure there, NP's gross revenue increased by 156%, some of the increase at the expense of the Great Northern Railway (GN), part of the same supposedly anti-competitive Northern Securities Company as the NP. Furthermore Mellen made acquisitions that enabled the NP to reach the Pacific and thereby compete with the GN over its entire route. James J. Hill, founder of the GN and part of the Trust, called Mellen and his Morgan-appointed predecessor there "overrated underachievers"^[1]. But by this time Mellen had become a staunch Morgan man. He told reporters, "I wear the Morgan collar, but I am proud of it."^[2][3] But yet he was not fully informed about the machinations of Morgan, Hill, and Harriman concerning stock in his company. On Monday, May 6, 1901 the Morgan interests were buying up NP stock. On Tuesday Mellen wired an NP vice president in New York "Cannot you give me some idea what is transpiring, to explain tremendous movement our stock?"^[4].

The New Haven

When Charles P. Clark resigned as the New Haven's president in 1900, Mellen made inquiries for the job, but Morgan needed him at the NP. By 1903 Morgan's priorities had changed. Upon assuming the New Haven presidency in Mellen undertook a program of "Morganization" of transportation in New England that extended from railroads to steamship lines and street railways. The New Haven even bought control of the chronicly unprofitable New York, Ontario and Western Railway. His efforts, in particular the attempted takeover of the Boston and Maine Railroad, brought him into public contention with future Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis in Massachusetts. His presidency at the New Haven was defined by the effort to complete the consolidation and modernization of the often-reorganized railroads of New England. His approach was marked by high prices for acquisitions, costly construction, and high debt levels. In May 1908 Morgan's partner George Walbridge Perkins wrote to Morgan: "I still feel, as I have for couple of years, that Mr. Mellen is getting the New Haven into considerable of a muddle by his financial methods and this, I think, is becoming more or less the general opinion."^[5] The failed Morganization of the New Haven was among the great embarrassments to the Morgan interests. The Mellen-Morgan policies led to the New Haven's future financial troubles, culminating in bankruptcy in 1935.^[2] Mellen's Morganization efforts in New England also put him in executive positions at the Maine Central Railroad, the New York, Ontario and Western Railway, and the Boston and Maine Railroad.^[6]

Loyal to the End

J. P. Morgan was aged and ill when the difficulties of the New Haven and other efforts led him to be summoned to give testimony before the Pujo Committee. Morgan died 1913-03-31. Mellen shouldered the burden of testifying and faced indictments. He provided colorful testimony concerning nearly $10,000,000 disbursed in connection with acquiring the franchise for the New York, Westchester and Boston Railway and resolving a franchise dispute with the New York and Portchester Railroad.

References

1. ^ Malone, Michael P. James J. Hill: Empire Builder of the Northwest Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996. p. 181
2. ^ ^{a b} "Charles S. Mellen Dies At Age Of 75. Former Head Of The New Haven, Northern Pacific And Boston & Maine. Career Stormy At Close Forced By The New Haven's Debacle To Retire. Began Railroad ... As A Clerk.". New York Times. November 18, 1927. p. 23. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40A16FD3D5D1B728DDDA10994D9415B878EF1D3. 
3. ^ "Charles Sanger Mellen". Hartford Courant. November 18, 1927. 
4. ^ Strouse, Jean. Morgan: American Financier. New York: Random House, 1999 p. 423
5. ^ Chernow, Ron, The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance New York, Atlantic Monthly Press, 1990. p. 175
6. ^ Legg, John F. (January 17, 1999), Maine Central Railroad Company. Retrieved December 29, 2005.

Preceded by Edwin Winter	President of Northern Pacific Railway 1897 – 1903	Succeeded by Howard Elliott
Preceded by John M. Hall	President of New Haven Railroad 1903 – 1913	Succeeded by Howard Elliott
Preceded by	President of Maine Central Railroad 1910 – 1914	Succeeded by

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Name	Mellen, Charles Sanger
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Date of birth	August 16, 1852
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Date of death	November 17, 1927
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