Katō Kiyomasa

Infobox_Officeholder | name= Katō Kiyomasa
nationality=Japanese


caption=Statue of Katō Kiyomasa in front of Kumamoto Castle
order=Lord of Kumamoto
term_start= 1587
term_end= 1611
predecessor= Sassa Narimasa
successor= Katō Tadahiro
birth_date=birth date|1562|7|25|mf=y
birth_place=Owari Province, Japan
death_date=death date and age|1611|8|2|1562|7|25|mf=y
death_place=Kumamoto, Japan
spouse=

nihongo|Katō Kiyomasa|加藤清正| (July 25, 1562-August 2, 1611) was a Japanese daimyō of the Sengoku and Edo period.

Origins and early career

Kiyomasa was born in Owari Province to Katō Kiyotada. Kiyotada's wife, Ito, was a cousin of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's mother.Fact|date=February 2007 Kiyotada died while his son (then known as Toranosuke) was still young. Soon after, Toranosuke entered service with Hideyoshi, and in 1576, at age 14, was granted a stipend of 170 koku. He fought in Hideyoshi's army at the Battle of Yamazaki, and later, at the Battle of Shizugatake. Owing to his distinguished conduct in that battle, he became known as one of the Seven Spears of Shizugatake. [Naramoto Tatsuya (1994). "Nihon no kassen: monoshiri jiten". (Tokyo: Shufu to Seikatsusha), p. 327] Hideyoshi rewarded Kiyomasa with an increased stipend of 3000 koku.

When Hideyoshi became the kampaku in the summer of 1585, Kiyomasa received the court title of "Kazue no Kami" (主計頭) and junior 5th court rank, lower grade ("ju go-i no ge" 従五位下). In 1586, after Higo Province was confiscated from Sassa Narimasa, he was granted 250,000 koku of land in Higo (roughly half of the province), and given Kumamoto Castle as his provincial residence.

In 1592, he joined in the invasion of Korea.

Kiyomasa during the Seven-Year War

Kiyomasa was one of the three senior commanders during the Seven-Year War (1592-1598) against the Korean dynasty of Joseon. Together with Konishi Yukinaga, he captured Seoul, Busan, and many other crucial cities.

In Japanese records

According to the Japanese record, The Korean king Seonjo abandoned deserted Seoul in fear of Kiyomasa. Kiyomasa sympathized with the two deserted Korean princesand protected them importantly [ [History of Ming] [http://www.hoolulu.com/zh/25shi/24mingshi/t-320.htm] 昖棄王城，令次子琿攝國事，奔平壤。已，複走義州，願內屬。七月，兵部議令駐劄險要，以待天兵；號召通國勤王，以圖恢復。而是時倭已入王京，毀墳墓，劫王子、陪臣，剽府庫，八道幾盡沒，旦暮且渡鴨綠江，請援之使絡繹於道。] [北関大捷碑 "其秋清正 入北道、兵鋭甚、鐡嶺以北無城守焉、於是鞠敬仁等叛、應賊、敬仁者會寧府吏也、素志不卒、及賊到富寧、隙危扇亂、執兩王子及宰臣、□播者、並傳諸長吏、與賊效欸"] . He killed a tiger in Korea peninsulaFact|date=February 2007, and presented Hideyoshi the fur. Kiyomasa's most famous fight is the Battle of Ulsan (蔚山城の戦い) on December 22, 1593. Kiyomasa bravelyFact|date=February 2007 succeeded in the fight defense though Chinese general Yang Hao (楊鎬) encircling Ulsan with 60,000 military forces. He defended frequent attacks from the Chinese army with Ulsan until November 23, 1598. However, his braveFact|date=February 2007 fight was not reported to Hideyoshi by his rival's overseer Ishida Mitsunari. After Hideyoshi's death, he conflicted with Ishida Mitsunari, and approaches Tokugawa Ieyasu.

William Scott Wilson describes Kato Kiyomasa thus: "He was a military man first and last, outlawing even the recitation of poetry, putting the martial arts above all else. His precepts show the single-mindedness and Spartan attitudes of the man, (they) demonstrate emphatically that the warrior's first duty in the early 17th century was simply to "grasp the sword and die." Contemporary accounts of Kato describe him as awe-inspiring, yet not unfriendly, and a natural leader of men." Fact|date=October 2007

In Korean records

According to Korean records, The Japanese advance did not last long, however, for General Kato met heavy resistance the following year in the form of General Kwon Yul of the Joseon Army, Admiral Yi Sun-sin of the Korean Navy and Commander Li Rusong of the Chinese Ming salvage force. At the disastrous Battle of Haengju, Katō's army of 40,000 was defeated by a force one tenth of that size. Casualties were upwards of 10,000 men. "(According to Japanese records, Kiyomasa was joined by Nabeshima Naoshige, and entered Seoul in February, 1593. He was researching the negotiation of China with Ukita Naoie at this time.)" This and many other defeats coupled with the breaking of supply lines from Japan by Admiral Yi Sun-sin forced Kato's retreat from Korea. During the Korean action, Konishi Yukinaga had also run into fierce fighting and tried to negotiate a peace treaty with the Korean and Chinese forces surrounding him. "Kato was infuriated by the surrender attempt, and upon his return to Japan he ravaged the Konishi family's neighboring domain in retaliation."

Later life

A devoted member of Nichiren Shu Buddhism, Kiyomasa encouraged the building of Nichiren temples. [William E. Griffis (1913). "The Mikado's Empire". (New York: Harper & Brothers), p. 163] He did not see eye-to-eye with Ishida Mitsunari, and Hideyoshi recalled him to Kyoto. He came into conflict with Konishi, who ruled the neighboring domain in Higo, and was a Christian. Kiyomasa was noted for suppressing Christianity. [Griffis, p. 163] At the battle of Hondo, he ordered his men to cut open the bellies of all pregnant Christian women and cut off their babies' heads. [Luís Frois, "Furoisu Nihon-shi 12", trans. Matsuda Kiichi and Kawasaki Momota (Tokyo: Chuo-koron-shinsha, 2000), p. 32.]

During the Battle of Sekigahara, Kiyomasa remained in Kyūshū, siding with the eastern army of Tokugawa Ieyasu. For his loyalty to the Tokugawa, Kiyomasa was rewarded with the former territories of his rival Konishi (who had sided with Ishida), which when added to his existing territory, increased the Kumamoto domain to around 530,000 koku.Fact|date=February 2007

In his later years, Kiyomasa tried to work as a mediator for the increasingly complicated relationship between Ieyasu and Toyotomi Hideyori. In 1611, en route by sea to Kumamoto after one such meeting, he fell ill, and died shortly after his arrival. He was buried at Honmyō-ji temple in Kumamoto, but also has graves in Yamagata Prefecture and Tokyo. Kiyomasa is also enshrined in a Shinto shrine in Kumamoto.

In 1910, Kiyomasa was posthumously promoted to junior 3rd court rank ("jusanmi" 従三位).

References

Further reading

*Kitajima Manji 北島万次 (2007). "Katō Kiyomasa Chōsen shinryaku no jitsuzō" 加藤清正: 朝鮮侵略の実像. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan 吉川弘文館.

External links

*
* [http://wiki.samurai-archives.com/index.php?title=Kato_Kiyomasa Kato Kiyomasa’s wiki bio at Samurai Archives]
* Bushido, an ethical code of conduct, developed in the 12th to 14th centuries in Japan