Battle of Palembang

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Battle of Palembang


caption=Palembang location. The map shows the current border, where Indonesia area was then Dutch East Indies.
partof=World War II, Pacific War
date=February 13, 1942–February 15, 1942
place=Palembang, southern part of Sumatra island
result=Japanese victory
combatant1=
combatant2=
commander1= Air Cdre H. J. F. Hunter (bombers)
Air Cdre S. F. Vincent (fighters)
Lt. Col. L. N. W. Vogelesang (ground forces)
commander2= V. Adm. Jisaburo Ozawa (amphibious forces)
Col. Yoshisaburô Tanaka
Col. Seiichi Kume (paratroopers)
strength1= 2,000 infantry 50 aircraft
strength2= 3,000 infantry (amphibious force)
350 paratroopers
casualties1= Allies: ?
casualties2= Japan: ?|

The Battle of Palembang was a battle of the Pacific theatre of World War II. It occurred near Palembang, on Sumatra, on February 13-February 15 1942.

The Royal Dutch Shell oil refineries at nearby Pladju (or Pladjoe) were the major objectives for the Empire of Japan in the Pacific War, because of an oil embargo imposed on Japan by the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. With the area's abundant fuel supply and airfield, Palembang offered significant potential as a military base to both the Allies and the Japanese.

Defences in the Palembang area

In January, the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command {ABDACOM) decided to concentrate Allied air forces in Sumatra at two airfields near Palembang: Pangkalan Benteng, also known as "P1" and a secret air base at Prabumulih (Praboemoelih), or "P2".

The British Royal Air Force created No. 225 (Bomber) Group at Palembang. It included two Royal Australian Air Force squadrons and a large number of Australians serving with British squadrons. The group could only muster 40 Bristol Blenheim bombers and 35 Lockheed Hudson light bombers. The Blenheims had flown from the Middle East and Egypt, where they were considered too old to cope with newer German and Italian fighters. (A handful of United States Far East Air Force B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers also operated out of Palembang briefly in January, but these were withdrawn to Java and Australia before the battle commenced.)

No. 226 (Fighter) Group RAF also arrived at Palembang in early February: two squadrons of Hawker Hurricanes transported to Sumatra by the aircraft carrier HMS "Indomitable". They were joined by the remnants of British, Australian and Royal New Zealand Air Force Hurricane and Brewster Buffalo squadrons, which had both inflicted and suffered heavy losses in intense air battles over the Malayan and Singapore campaigns.

The Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) South Sumatra Island Territorial Command, its command in the Palembang area, consisted of about 2,000 troops under Lieutenant Colonel L. N. W. Vogelesang: the South Sumatra Garrison Battalion and a "Stadswacht"/"Landstorm" ("home guard/reserve") infantry company in Palembang, a "Stadswacht"/"Landstorm" infantry company in Jambi (Djambi), as well as various artillery and machine gun units. (KNIL units in other parts of Sumatra lacked mobility and played no part in the fighting.) The Royal Netherlands Navy was represented by the minelayer "Pro Patria" and the patrol boats "P-38" and "P-40" on the Musi river.

Battle

Airborne attack

While the Allied planes attacked the Japanese ships on February 13, Kawasaki Ki-56 transport planes of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd "Chutai", Imperial Japanese Army Air Force (IJAAF), dropped "Teishin Shudan" (Raiding Group) paratroopers over Pangkalan Benteng airfield. At the same time Mitsubishi Ki-21 bombers from the 98th "Sentai" dropped supplies for paratroopers. The formation was escorted by a large force of Nakajima Ki-43 fighters from the 59th and 64th "Sentai".

As many as 180 men from the Japanese 2nd Parachute Regiment, under Colonel Seiichi Kume, dropped between Palembang and Pangkalan Benteng, and more 90 men came down west of the refineries at Pladjoe. Although the Japanese paratroopers failed to capture the Pangkalan Benteng airfield, at the Pladjoe oil refinery they managed to gain possession of the entire complex, which was undamaged. A makeshift counter-attack by "Landstorm" troops and anti-aircraft gunners from Praboemoelih managed to retake the complex but took heavy losses. The planned demolition failed to do any serious damage to the refinery, but the oil stores were set ablaze. Two hours after first drop, another 60 Japanese paratroopers were dropped near Pangkalan Benteng airfield.

On February 14, the surviving Japanese paratroopers advanced to the Musi, Salang and Telang rivers, near Palembang.

Amphibious assault

The main Japanese invasion force, an amphibious assault fleet under Vice-Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), was on its way from Cam Ranh Bay in French Indochina. It was made up of the Imperial Japanese Army's 229th Infantry Regiment and one battalion from the 230th Infantry Regiment. A small advance party set out eight transports escorted by the cruiser "Sendai" and four destroyers. The main force followed in 14 transports, escorted by the heavy cruiser "Chokai" and four destroyers. The covering force included the aircraft carrier "Ryujo", four heavy cruisers, one light cruiser and three destroyers. Additional air cover was provided by land-based IJN planes and the IJAAF 3rd Air Division.

On the morning of February 13, a river boat commandeered by the British Royal Navy, HMS "Li Wo" — under Lieutenant Thomas Wilkinson — ferrying personnel and equipment between Singapore and the Dutch East Indies, ran into the Japanese fleet. Although "Li Wo" was armed only with a 4-inch (100 mm) gun and two machineguns, its crew fired at the Japanese troop transport ships, setting one on fire and damaging several others, while under fire from the Japanese cruisers. This action continued for 90 minutes until the "Li Wo" ran out of ammunition. Wilkinson then ordered the ramming of the nearest transport, before his ship was destroyed by Japanese fire. Wilkinson received a posthumous Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the British Commonwealth, and the only VC awarded in the Dutch East Indies campaign.

On February 15, an ABDA naval force of five cruisers, HNLMS "De Ruyter", HNLMS "Java" and HNLMS "Tromp", HMS "Exeter", HMAS "Hobart" and 10 destroyers, under Admiral Karel Doorman, made an abortive attempt to intercept the Japanese force. Planes from "Ryujo" and land-based aircraft made a series of attacks on the Allied ships, forcing them to withdraw to the south of Sumatra.

As the Japanese landing force approached Sumatra. The remaining Allied aircraft attacked it, and the Japanese transport ship "Otawa Maru" was sunk. Hurricanes flew up the rivers, machine-gunning Japanese landing craft.

However, on the afternoon of February 15, it was ordered that all Allied aircraft were ordered to Java, where a major Japanese attack was anticipated, and the Allied air units had withdrawn from southern Sumatra by the evening of February 16, 1942. Other personnel were evacuated via Oosthaven (now Bandar Lampung) by ships to Java or India.

References

* [http://www.geocities.com/dutcheastindies/palembang.html L., Klemen,1999-2000, "The Netherlands East Indies 1941-42", "The battle for Palembang, February 1942" ]
* [http://www.geocities.com/dutcheastindies/fall_sumatra.html L., Klemen,1999-2000, "The Netherlands East Indies 1941-42", "The Japanese Invasion of Sumatra Island" ]