- Manus O'Cahan's Regiment (English Civil War)
Manus O'Cahan's Regiment Of Foot was a
Scots -Irishregiment which served during theWars of the Three Kingdoms in the mid-1640s .History
Manus O’Cahan’s Regiment Of Foot was a body of Scots-Irish soldiers, many of who had fought in Europe in the early years of the
Thirty Years War . Some historians, likeC. V. Wedgewood refer to them as a ‘Gallowglass ’ (i.e.mercenary ) regiment. They were actually soldiers who sailed fromUlster to Scotland to fight for the Royalist cause there. Manus O'Cahan never set foot in England; all of his fighting took place in Ulster and Scotland. Their European combat experiences made them some of the most experienced soldiers serving in the Civil War.Background
Scottish events of the war were complex. By the Civil War of the mid-seventeenth century there was already a centuries old blood feud running between the Campbell and Macdonald clans. As part of that feud, the Campbells had seized ownership of the Hebridean isles of
Islay andColonsey from an aged warrior calledColkitto (known as Col Ciottoch,Scots Gaelic for "he who fights with both hands", as he was ambidextrous). Colkitto’s son was the seven-foot tallAlastair McColla , who went to Ireland to raise the Irish cousins to theMacdonald clan for raids against the men who now occupied the Hebridean Isles.King Charles had offended the
Scots as early as1637 , when he tried to impose theEnglish Prayer Book on the nation. The Scots rebelled with riots, and a petition known asThe National Covenant . The King declared War on his Scottish subjects. The two resulting Bishops' Wars ended in embarrassing and expensive defeat for the King.The
MacDonnells , Irish cousins to theMacDonalds offered to sail toScotland to serve the King, hoping to use the conflict to gain their homes back as a reward if the Royalists won. This was a threat to theanti-Catholic puritanicalCovenanters and the EnglishRoundheads . Scottish allies to the King, including oldColkitto , were arrested and imprisoned to prevent them raising private armies to bringScotland to civil war. Unfortunately, two things led to the very civil war feared by theCovenanters . 1/. Alastair McColla avoided capture and stayed inIreland helping to raise an army composed of exiled or hiding Royalist Scots and their Catholic Irish cousins. 2/. Montrose, (James Graham) who had been an ardentCovenanter , became disillusioned by the brutalities inflicted on clansmen who he regarded as good friends. He changed sides and began to serve the Royalist cause.MacColla and O'Cahan
In 1641, as McColla raised his army in
Ulster , on behalf of Randal MacDonnell (Earl of Antrim ), a strong Royalist sympathiser, theIrish Rebellion of 1641 erupted.Catholics turned onProtestant settlers who were pouring into the country by the thousand under a much despised plantation programme. McColla, and a cousin by marriage, Manus O’Cahan, were thrown together in a joint Catholic-Protestant Scots-Irish peace keeping force. Finding themselves despised by theProtestants in the force, the Scot and the Irishman rebelled and went on an aguerrilla warfare rampage throughout Northern Ireland. In the course of the conflict they developed a new battle technique known as the ‘Irish Charge ’, this involved simply discarding heavy weapons such as pikes andmuskets to rush the enemy to kill them at close quarter with dirks, daggers, and swords or even with unarmed combat tactics. It proved to be highly effective, especially against musketeers who needed time to reload powder and shot between volleys. They also perfected the art of running directly at cavalry to cut the horses in the bellies and fetlocks as they ran underneath them. This forced the agonised horses to throw their riders. McColla made himself unpopular in Ireland by changing sides, to serve the Protestants, and then changing sides again to serve Antrim and theIrish Catholic Confederation of which Antrim was a leader. As the Scottish Covenant forces declared military support for the English Parliament in late 1643, Antrim hit on a plan to send Scots-Irish troops to Scotland. The aim was for them to cause as much destruction as possible, and force the Scots to withdraw their soldiers from Ireland, in order to deal with the increasing crisis back home. Antrim negotiated the plans through the Confederacy's Supreme Council, and with the full blessing of James Butler,Earl of Ormonde , a personal advisor to King Charles.In one Ulster battle, McColla was badly wounded. O’Cahan personally dragged his giant (seven foot tall) friend to safety through heavy fire on a makeshift litter and got him some urgently needed medical attention.It was in order to raise an army to quell the rebellion in Ireland that King Charles initially had recalled his Parliament in England. When his Parliament refused to co-operate with the King, his efforts to accuse them of treason against the crown led to the English portion of the Civil War. As war erupted in England, Scottish Royalists, as planned by the Confederation, brought the conflict to the fore in Scotland too. On Antrim's orders, McColla and O’Cahan, with
Thomas Lachnan andJames MacDonnell , raised an army of 1,500 men and sailed for Scotland, intending to make the most of the conflict to avenge the wrongs done to them by the Campbell clan, who were ardent Covenanters. Even the voyage, through waters patrolled by Parliament frigates, proved eventful. The Scots-Irish Brigade did not have all the vessels they had hoped for. There were three passenger carrying merchant ships in the small fleet that did sail; The Harp, The Christopher, the Angell Gabrielle (Flemish merchantmen) and they were protected by the Jacob Of Ross (Irish Merchantman) Many men, and most weapons had to be left behind in Ulster. The small fleet captured a group of Covenant ministers sailing for Ulster, and took them prisoner. One captive, John Weir, kept a diary of the events, from which most histories of the events are drawn. The Scots-Irishry landed in Mull on July 5th 1644. They quickly started causing as much trouble and securing the coast in hope of more men coming over from Ireland. On the 7th July Manus O’Cahan led the division who tookKinlochaline Castle , coming under intense cannon fire, but emerging victorious to rejoin the main body of MacColla's men at their own captured territory,Loch Sunart . A group of Irish stayed behind to hold the fortress at Kinlochaline. Earthwork battery ramparts and trenches were dug to help secure the territories The ships were soon lost in acts of piracy against Covenant and Parliamentary vessels which now patrolled the waters looking for signs of the invaders. Realising that their position was growing increasingly dangerous as, being just 1,500 strong, they were hopelessly outnumbered, O'Cahan and McColla started to move inland, recruiting among local clansmen as they went. Many refused, and some proved to be hostile. However, help was coming from an unexpected source,James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose .O'Cahan and Montrose
Montrose had planned on taking an army from England to serve his cause in Scotland, and made his way to an audience with Prince Rupert of The Rhine. Unfortunately, Montrose arrived just days after the English Royalist defeat at
Marston Moor on2 July 1644 . Rupert promptly commandeered most of Montrose's men to make up his own fallen numbers. Montrose decided to go to Scotland incognito, with only two allies,Sir William Rollo , andSir James Sibbart . On the journey through his own country, Scotland, where he was now an outlaw, he learned of McColla's arrival, and raced to meet him.McColla and O’Cahan united with Montrose on the
Mull Of Kintyre on the29 August 1644 . The alliance proved to be a formidable one.They fought a string of major victories and many smaller skirmishes through the heart of Scotland in what became known as their ‘Year Of Glory’. (1644-1645)
O’Cahan led an entire division of men on MacColla’s behalf throughout the Montrose campaigns. He remains mostly an illusive figure in the history books.
The first victory came at
Tippermuir , on1 September 1644 , the next, atAberdeen , on the13 September 1644 , was more controversial in that the Royalists, including O’Cahan’s men were involved in the massacre of hundreds of unarmed civilians throughout the city.Montrose wanted to expand his forces and march south, to England to help the King, who was by this time faring badly as
Cromwell ’sNew Model Army grew in strength. The bulk of theScottish Covenant army was also now fighting for Parliament in England. However, the successes Montrose and McColla had in battle made the Covenanters withdraw more and more men from England to fight the war on home soil.McColla, and the Scottish Highlanders who served with him alongside O’Cahan’s Irishry had little interest in England, as they had their feud with the
Campbells to address. The Highland warriors, who came to their aid frequently left the battlefields to take their spoils of war home, so they often vanished for months on end, though most did return. The Scottish soldiers who served Montrose constantly drew him back from his planned advances on the English border to have another charge against the forces of the Earl Of Argyll, leader of the Campbell Clan.McColla was more loyal to Montrose, but he often had to separate from him to go and help recruit more men as the army’s numbers waned. While McColla was away, O’Cahan usually stayed with Montrose, with whom he became a powerful ally. O'Cahan did briefly travel to
Ulster on a mission to try to get more recruits there, but returned unsuccesfiully. It was when McColla was away on such a recruitment drive on the21 October 1644 that Montrose and O’Cahan and their men found themselves pinned down atFyvie Castle by Argyll’s forces. O’Cahan led a daring night raid into the Campbell lines to break the siege. TheCampbells fled and O’Cahan was able to grab the powder supplies abandoned by the deserters. He jokingly told Montrose “We must at them again, for the rogues have forgot to leave the bullets with the powder.” It is one of the few direct quotations the history books record from him.McColla returned soon after the battle at
Fyvie with a strong battle plan of his own that Montrose regarded as impossible. McColla had raised a formidable body ofScottish Highlanders all of who felt a desire to crush the Campbell Clan once and for all. They were predominantlyMacdonald allies like theClan Ranald . McColla proposed a raid through the heartland of Campbell owned estates, in effect the complete destruction ofArgyllshire . The assault was to culminate in a near suicidal daring march on Argyll’s personal estate atInverlochy , which had a historic reputation for being impossible to capture. The march onInverlochy was made, despite Montrose’s reservations, though he went along.Argyllshire was indeed razed. The hundreds of square miles covered were more remarkable for the march-taking place in the winter blizzards of early 1645, when even the sea off the coast of Scotland froze. The culminating attack, and massacre of Campbells atInverlochy on2 February 1645 was made after a two day march over the foothills ofBen Nevis . Argyll himself abandoned his men and sailed away on his personal galley to save his own skin.Inverlochy was MacColla and O’Cahan’s greatest moment. It is recorded that O’Cahan personally drew first blood. Few Campbells were allowed to live of those captured there. The year of glory was now past its peak. Montrose became increasingly over-confident and he began to make tactical blunders. He also wrote letters claiming that the victories were all his own doing, rather than also the work of his Scots-Irish allies.Decline and fall
Montrose now had support from Royalist cavalry horse divisions supplied by the
Gordon’s Clan , and he barely spoke to the men who had served him all along on foot any more.On9 May 1645 came the debacle atAuldearn . Many early historians regard Auldearn as Montrose’s supreme achievement and a carefully planned battle. In fact, it was a fiasco, where only luck and the bravery of the Scots–Irish forces saved the day.Montrose had led his men after Covenanters who were seeking reinforcements in
Inverness . Failing to catch up with them in time, Montrose camped his men at Auldearn, as he didn’t expect the enemy to have time to launch an immediate counter-attack too soon. In fact, the Covenanters marched all night to be able to attack the Royalists at first light at Auldearn. Only Covenantmusketeers cleaning their guns by firing them created enough noise to be able to warn MacColla’s men in time. Montrose had spread his men over a wide area rather than grouping them together. While McColla and O’Cahan held off the attack, Montrose desperately raced around trying to raise the rest of the camp.The traditional version of Auldearn is that Montrose hid his main army in a hollow and set up McColla, and O’Cahan as a false front and a decoy target before closing in with a brilliant pincer movement to trap the enemy. In Fact, Montrose was caught completely off guard. MacColla’s defence was much more desperate and heroic than has been claimed. Fortunately, modern accounts have re-evaluated the battle, even to the detriment of Montrose. The Scots-Irish brigades fought ruthlessly. When a few of the
Gordon’s Clan who helped them started to panic, McColla personally killed them to prevent their panic causing the desertion of the rest of their clan. One of MacColla’s men fought on despite taking a pike through his mouth from one cheek to the other, narrowly missing his tongue.Montrose only arrived with reinforcements when he had woken and rounded up his widely scattered forces, and finally the day was saved. Montrose had not hidden his army in a hollow ready to affect a spectacular ambush.
There were only two major Royalist victories to come in the Year Of Glory now. The Royalists won a resounding victory on the 2cd July 1645 at
Alford . They followed this up with a greater victory on the 15th August 1645 atKilsyth , in effect rendering the Covenant forces of the Earl Of Argyll useless.Philiphaugh and the death of Manus O'Cahan
Montrose was now ready to head south through Lowland Scotland and into England, but many of his allies deserted him as they had little interest in such non-Scottish campaigning. McColla is often accused of being among the deserters, but it is more likely that he left Montrose’s side to go out recruiting more men for the cause as he had done several times before. This time, he would be too late. O’Cahan stayed with Montrose as he started to prepare for the advance to the Scottish-English border. Unfortunately, the increasing collapse of the main Royalist forces in England meant that more Scots could now be sent back to help capture Montrose and his allies in Scotland. David Leslie, a leading highly experienced soldier and Covenanter, attacked O’Cahan’s men as they were just waking up at an encampment in
Philiphaugh (near to the site of today’sSelkirk Rugby football club ) on the 13th September 1645. It was one year to the day after theAberdeen massacre.O’Cahan’s forces and those of the other Irish divisions who had stayed with Montrose, found themselves under severe surprise attack and hopelessly outnumbered. Within hours they were reduced to less than five hundred men, but they fought on valiantly. Montrose, who had camped separately from the Irish, tried to fight his way to their aid, but he was forced back and eventually fled for his life. Many were offended by this desertion, but he may have been advised to do it by the men accompanying him.
David Leslie offered O’Cahan terms of surrender. If his men laid down their arms and agreed to leave Scotland forever, they would be allowed to go free. O’Cahan agreed to this, but Leslie had the now unarmed Irish captured, and O’Cahan witnessed the execution of virtually his entire army. The women and children who had followed his forces were also brutally executed, many by drowning in the rivers around Philipaugh. Colonels O’Cahan, and Thomas Laghtnan were taken to Edinburgh Castle and hanged from the South Wall there without a trial.Aftermath
McColla (his father Colkitto now freed under prisoner exchange arrangements) and Montrose, fought on, independently of one another. They never met again. In his late seventies Colkitto retook the Isle of Islay, only to be captured on
July 1 1647 . He was executed soon afterwards but the exact date of this is unknown. McColla returned to Ireland where the Rebellion continued. McColla fought and died on the13 November 1647 at thebattle of Knocknanuss . Montrose fought on in Scotland until the King was captured and ordered a general Royalist cease-fire. The victorious Covenanters now forced Montrose into exile. He moved through Europe, and later led an attack on the Covenanters on behalf of King Charles II, using an inexperienced army of Danish and Scandinavian mercenaries. He was defeated atCarbisdale , in Scotland on the27 April 1650 . Captured a few days later, Montrose was tried and executed in Edinburgh on the30 April 1650 .Further reading
* John Buchan - MONTROSE 1918 Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd.
* Kevin Byrne - COLKITTO! A CELEBRATION OF CLAN DONALD OF COLONSAY (1370-1647) 1977 House Of Lochar
* John McDonnell - ULSTER CIVIL WAR OF 1641 AND ITS CONSEQUENCES 1879 H. H. Gill & Son Dublin
* Stuart Reid– AULDEARN 1645 2003 Osprey Publishing
* Stuart Reid – SCOTS ARMIES OF THE 17th CENTURY Vol. 1/. THE ARMY OF THE COVENANT 1639-51 1988 Partizan Press
* David Stevenson - HIGHLAND WARRIOR (ALASDAIR MACCOLLA AND THE CIVIL WARS) 1980 The Saltire Society.
* Mark Stoyle – SOLDIERS AND STRANGERS. AN ETHNIC HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR . 2005. Yale University Press.
* D. R. Watson – THE LIFE AND TIMES OF CHARLES THE FIRST 1972 Weidenfeld & Nicolson. .
* C. V. Wedgwood - MONTROSE 1952 Fontana
* Ronald Williams - THE HEATHER AND THE GALE 1997 House Of Lochar
* Ronald Williams - MONTROSE - CAVALIER IN MOURNING 2001 House Of Lochar
* Bishop George Wishart - JAMES, FIRST MARQUESS OF MONTROSE (1612-1650) (A HISTORY OF THE KING * * * * * MAJESTIES"S AFFAIRS IN SCOTLAND UNDER MONTROSE). 1903 EDITION.Manus O'Cahan in fiction
*
Marianne Lamont , "Nine Moons Wasted" 1976 Pan Books pseudonym ofJean Sanders /Anne Rundle . A romantic story about the Irish camp follower women who followed O'Cahan, and Montrose around the battlefields.
*Sir Walter Scott , "A Legend of Montrose" 1819 - Novel loosely based on the assassination ofLord Kilpont soon after thebattle of Tippermuir O'Cahan's men were initially suspects in the murder, which was committed byJames Stewart of Ardvorlich . Scott's story changes the identity of the killer, though he names him in the introduction.
*Nigel Tranter , "" 1973 Coronet/Hodder & Stoughton . Novelised version of the life and times of Montrose, with O'Cahan as a minor background character.Maurice Walsh , "And no Quarter" 1980 - Martin Somers is a surgeon/swordsman in O'Cahan's Irish regiment fighting the Covenanters for Montrose.External links
* [http://www.scotwars.com/html/maccolla_intro.htm Scot Wars - Alaister Colkito MacDonald]
* [http://www.scotwars.com/html/textonly/maccolla_song.htm Scot Wars - Alasdair Mhic Colla (Song)]
* [http://www.scotwars.com/html/montrose_bckgrd_overview.htm Scot Wars - The Marquis of Montrose]
* [http://www.scotwars.com/html/manus_ocahans_regiment.htm Scot Wars - Manus O'Cahan's Regiment]
* [http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/montrose.htm Scots Wars - James Graham, 1st Marquis of Montrose, 1612-1650]
* [http://www.celticleague.org/history_4-04a.html ALASDAIR MacCOLLA, GAELIC WARRIOR, Part Fourteen]
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