Flaying

Flaying is the removal of skin from the body. Generally, an attempt is made to keep the removed portion of skin intact.

cope

An animal may be flayed in preparation for human consumption, or for its hide or fur; this is more commonly called skinning.

Flaying of humans is used as a method of torture or execution, depending on how much of the skin is removed. This article deals with flaying in the sense of torture and execution. This is often referred to as "flaying alive". There are also records of people flayed after death, generally as a means of debasing the corpse of a prominent enemy or criminal, sometimes related to religious beliefs (e.g. to deny an afterlife); sometimes the skin is used, again for deterrence, magical uses etc. (cfr. scalping).

Flaying is distinct from flagellation in that flaying uses a sharp instrument, typically some knife, in an attempt to remove skin (where the pain is incidental to the operation), whereas flagellation is any corporal punishment that uses some type of whip, rod or other sharp implement in order to cause physical pain (where the possible removal of some skin is incidental to the operation). In colloquial usage, the two terms are sometimes confused.

History

Flaying is apparently a very ancient practice. There are accounts of Assyrians flaying the skin from a captured enemy or rebellious ruler and nailing it to the wall of his city, as warning to all who would defy their power. The Aztecs of Mexico flayed victims of ritual human sacrifice, generally after death. Searing or cutting the flesh from the body was sometimes used as part of the public execution of traitors in medieval Europe. A similar mode of execution was used as late as the early 1700s in France; one such episode is graphically recounted in the opening chapter of Michel Foucault's "Discipline and Punish" (1979). In China, a variant form of flaying known as death by a thousand cuts was practiced as late as 1905.

Examples of flayings

*Yahu-Bihdi, ruler of Hamath, was flayed alive by the Assyrians under Sargon II.
* According to Herodotus, Sisamnes, a corrupt judge under Cambyses II of Persia, was flayed alive for accepting a bribe.
* In Greek mythology, Marsyas, a satyr, was flayed alive for daring to challenge Apollo.
* Also according to Greek mythology, Aloeus is said to have had his wife flayed alive.
* Tradition holds that Saint Bartholomew was flayed before being crucified.
* In Aztec mythology, Xipe Totec is the flayed god of death and rebirth. Slaves were flayed annually as sacrifices to him.
* The Talmud discusses how Rabbi Akiva was flayed by the Romans for the public teaching of Torah.
* In AD 260 Roman Emperor Valerian was taken prisoner by Persians. Some accounts hold that he was flayed and his skin turned into a footstool. [Lactantius, De Mort. Pers. 5; Wickert, 492-493; Parker, 170.]
*In 415, the Neo-Platonist philosopher Hypatia of Alexandria was flayed alive.
* Mani, founding prophet of Manichaeism, was said to have been flayed or beheaded (c. 275).
* Totila is said to have ordered the bishop of Perugia, Herculanus, to be flayed when he captured that city in 549.
* The Polish Jesuit Saint Andrew Bobola was burned, half strangled, partly flayed alive and killed by a sabre stroke by Cossacks on the schismatic side.
* In a particularly acute example of deadpan, Jonathan Swift's narrator in "A Tale of a Tub" says, "Last week I saw a woman flay’d, and you will hardly believe how much it alter'd her person for the worse".
* One of the plastinated exhibits in Body Worlds includes an entire posthumously flayed skin, and many of the other exhibits have had their skin removed.
* Daskalogiannis, a Cretan rebel against the Ottoman Empire was said to have been flayed alive.
* The Rawhide Valley in Wyoming is said to have gotten its name from a white settler who was flayed alive there for murdering an Indian woman.
* Marco Antonio Bragadin was flayed during the Conquest of Famagusta (in Cyprus) by the Ottomans in 1571. (It was Helen Lessore's speculation that this provided the inspiration for Titian's painting "The Flaying of Marsyas".)
* In AD 991 during a Viking raid in England, a Danish Viking was flayed by London locals for ransacking a church.
* Pierre Basile was flayed alive and all defenders of the chateau hanged on 6 April 1199, by order of the mercenary leader Mercadier, for shooting and killing King Richard I of England with a crossbow at the siege of Chalus in March 1199.
* The Iroqious were known to sometimes flay their enemies, usually warriors. Flaying was considered an honour, a test of a warrior.
* In 1314, the brothers d'Aulnoy, who were lovers to the daughters-in-law of king Philippe IV of France, were flayed alive, then castrated and beheaded; and their bodies were exposed on a gibbet. The extreme severity of their punishment was due to the lèse majesté nature of the crime.
* In 1318, Harpal Dev, the son-in-law of King Ramdev Rao Yadav (Yadava Dynasty) of Deogiri, Maharashtra, India, revolted against the Khilji rulers of Delhi. Harpal was defeated and flayed alive and his corpse was hanged outside the gates of the city of Deogiri (present day Daulatabad).
* In 1404 or 1417, the Hurufi Imad ud-Din Nesîmî, an Islamic poet of Turkic extraction, was flayed alive, apparently on orders of a Timurid governor, and for heresy.
* In 1424, on his deathbed, Jan Zizka ordered that after his death, his body was to be flayed and his skin made into a drumhead so he could scare his enemies even when dead.
* Nat Turner was hanged on November 11, 1831. His body was then flayed, beheaded and quartered.

See also

* Anthropodermic bibliopegy (books bound in human skin)
* Flagellation
* Paddle (spanking)
* Spanking
* whip

References

External links

* [http://www.mystudios.com/art/italian/titian/titian-flaying-of-marsyas.jpg1575 Painting: The Flaying of Marsyas, by Titian] .