Phelix

Phelix is a high-speed stream cipher with a built-in single-pass message authentication code (MAC) functionality, submitted in 2004 to the eSTREAM contest by Doug Whiting, Bruce Schneier, Stefan Lucks, and Frédéric Muller. The cipher uses only the operations of addition modulo 2³², exclusive or, and rotation by a fixed number of bits. Phelix uses a 256-bit key and a 128-bit nonce, claiming a design strength of 128 bits. Concerns have been raised over the ability to recover the secret key if the cipher is used incorrectly.

Performance

Phelix is optimised for 32-bit platforms. The authors state that it can achieve up to eight cycles/byte on modern x86-based processors. FPGA Hardware performance figures published in the paper "Review of stream cipher candidates from a low resource hardware perspective" are as follows:

Helix

Phelix is a slightly modified form of an earlier cipher, Helix, published in 2003 by Niels Ferguson, Doug Whiting, Bruce Schneier, John Kelsey, Stefan Lucks, and Tadayoshi Kohno; Phelix adds 128 bits to the internal state.

In 2004, Muller published two attacks on Helix. The first has a complexity of 2⁸⁸ and requires 2¹² adaptive chosen-plaintext words, but requires nonces to be reused. Souradyuti Paul and Bart Preneel later showed that the number of adaptive chosen-plaintext words of Muller's attack can be reduced by a factor of 3 in the worst case (a factor of 46.5 in the best case) using their optimal algorithms to solve differential equations of addition. In a later development, Souradyuti Paul and Bart Preneel showed that the above attack can also be implemented with chosen plaintexts (CP) rather than adaptive chosen plaintexts (ACP) with data complexity 2^35.64 CP's. Muller's second attack on Helix is a distinguishing attack that requires 2¹¹⁴ words of chosen plaintext.

Phelix's design was largely motivated by Muller's differential attack.

Security

Phelix has been selected as Phase 2 Focus Candidate for both Profile 1 and Profile 2 by the eSTREAM project. The authors of Phelix classify the cipher as an experimental design in its specifications. The authors advise that Phelix should not be used until it had received additional cryptanalysis.

A first cryptanalytic paper on Phelix paper titled "A Chosen-key Distinguishing Attack on Phelix" was published in October 2006 by Yaser Esmaeili Salehani and Hadi Ahmadi. Doug Whiting has reviewed the attack and notes that while the paper is clever, the attack unfortunately relies on incorrect assumptions concerning the initialisation of the Phelix cipher. This paper was subsequently withdrawn by its authors.

A second cryptanalytic paper on Phelix titled "Differential Attacks against Phelix" was published on the 26th of November 2006 by Hongjun Wu and Bart Preneel. The paper is based on the same attacks assumption as the Differential Attack against Helix. The paper claims that the key of Phelix can be recovered with about 2³⁷ operations, 2³⁴ chosen nonces and 2^38.2 chosen plaintext words. The computational complexity of the attack is much less than that of the attack against Helix.

The authors of the differential attack express concern that each plaintext word affects the keystream without passing though (what they consider to be) sufficient confusion and diffusion layers. They claim this is an intrinsic weakness in the structure Helix and Phelix. The authors conclude that they consider Phelix to be insecure.

References

* D. Whiting, B. Schneier, S. Lucks, and F. Muller, [http://www.schneier.com/paper-phelix.html Phelix: Fast Encryption and Authentication in a Single Cryptographic Primitive] (includes source code)
* T. Good, W. Chelton, M. Benaissa: Review of stream cipher candidates from a low resource hardware perspective [https://www.cosic.esat.kuleuven.ac.be/ecrypt/stream/papersdir/2006/016.pdf (PDF)]
* Yaser Esmaeili Salehani, Hadi Ahmadi: A Chosen-key Distinguishing Attack on Phelix, submitted to eSTREAM [http://www.ecrypt.eu.org/stream/papersdir/2006/053.pdf (PDF)]
* Niels Ferguson, Doug Whiting, Bruce Schneier, John Kelsey, Stefan Lucks and Tadayoshi Kohno, Helix: Fast Encryption and Authentication in a Single Cryptographic Primitive, Fast Software Encryption - FSE 2003, pp330–346 [http://www.macfergus.com/helix/helix.pdf (PDF)] .
* Frédéric Muller, Differential Attacks against the Helix Stream Cipher, FSE 2004, pp94–108.
* Souradyuti Paul and Bart Preneel, Solving Systems of Differential Equations of Addition, ACISP 2005. [http://www.cosic.esat.kuleuven.be/publications/article-566.pdf Full version] (PDF)
* Souradyuti Paul and Bart Preneel, Near Optimal Algorithms for Solving Differential Equations of Addition With Batch Queries, Indocrypt 2005. [http://www.cosic.esat.kuleuven.be/publications/article-587.pdf Full version] (PDF)

External links

* [http://www.ecrypt.eu.org/stream/phelix.html eStream page on Phelix]
* [http://www.ecrypt.eu.org/stream/papersdir/2006/056.pdf "Differential Attacks against Phelix" by Hongjun Wu and Bart Preneel]