Mikhail Yaroslavich

Mikhail Yaroslavich ( _ru. Михаил Ярославич) (1271 – November 22 1318), also known as Michael of Tver, was a Prince of Tver (from 1285) who ruled as Grand Prince of Vladimir from 1304 until 1314 and again from 1315-1318. He is counted among the saints of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Mikhail Yaroslavich was the second son of Yaroslav III(Yaroslav Yaroslavich), the younger brother of Aleksandr Nevsky) and succeeded him as Prince of Tver in 1285. His mother, Xenia was the second spouse to Yaroslav III and is known as the saint Xenia of Tarusa. Upon the death of Andrei Aleksandrovich (Aleksandr Nevsky's son and Yaroslav's nephew), Mikhail became the Grand Prince of Vladimir in 1304, as was consistent with the Rota System of collateral succession that had been practiced in Rus since the time of Yaroslav the Wise. He was confirmed in office by Tokhta, Khan of the Golden Horde. [ Janet Martin Medieval Russia 980-1584 (Cambrdige: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 174.]

Troubles as Grand Prince and Rivalry with Moscow

While he seemed secure in the throne, being the legitimate heir and having been confirmed by the Khan in Sarai, Grand Prince Mikhail suffered a series of setbacks as grand prince which led to him losing the grand princely office for both himself and, in some ways, ultimately for his descendants. He was, like most Grand Princes of Vladimir, accepted as Prince of Novgorod the Great in 1309, [Michael C. Paul, "Was the Prince of Novgorod a 'Third-Rate Bureaucrat' after 1136?" "Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas" 56, No. 1 (Spring 2008): 72-113.] but fought with Novgorod, going so far as to withdraw his lieutenants (namestniki) and cut off grain shipments into the city in 1312. While he was on decent terms with Tokhta Khan, and initially with his successor, Uzbeg Khan (Mikhail paid homage on Uzbeg's accession to the throne in 1313 and remained in Sarai until 1315), he eventually lost influence to Yury of Moscow, who gained influence in Novgorod while the grand prince was away in Sarai. Mikhail did manage to finally take control of the city in 1316 with Mongol aid, but the following year Uzbeg Khan gave the "yarlik" or patent of office of the Grand Prince of Vladimir to Yury, who also married Uzbeg's sister. [Martin, Medieval Russia, 175.]

After granting Yury the iarlyk or patent of office, the Khan sent his army under the Mongol general Kavgadii to help Yuri in his struggle with Mikhail Yaroslavich. December 22, 1317 Mikhail defeated Yuri at a village called Bortenevo (40 km from Tver). Mikhail captured Yuri's wife, who was the Khan's sister. When she died in Mikhail's custody, he was blamed for her murder, although it seems unlikely that he would have killed her knowing how much it would hurt him politically for such little gain. He released Kagadii, who returned to Sarai and accused Mikhail of murdering the Khan's sister, withholding tribute, and warring against his Mongol overlord. As a result, Mikhail was summonded to the Horde by the Khan and executed on November 22, 1318. [Martin, Medieval Russia, 175; John Fennell, "Princely Executions in the Horde 1308-1339," "Forschungen zur Osteuropaischen Geschichte" 38 (1988), 9-19.]

Mikhail and the Church

Mikhail also alienated the Church, particularly Metropolitan Petr (r. 1308-1326). When Metropolitan Maksim died in 1305, Mikhail nominated another candidate, but Petr was consecrated by the Patriarch of Constantinople. Petr sided with Moscow and opposed Mikhail on several occasions. In 1309, he appointed David as Archbishop of Novgorod and David was instrumental in the argument that led Mikhail to withdraw his lieutenants and cut the grain supplies to the city. In 1314, Novgorod called on Yury to be named grand prince and for Mikhail to be deposed. Thus the support of the Church aided Yury to Mikhail's detriment. [ Martin, "Medieval Russia", 193.] In spite of being unfavored by the Church in his lifetime, the Russian Orthodox Church later declared Mikhail a saint.

Family and children

In 1294 Mikhail married to Princess Anna of Rostov, daughter of Prince Dimitry of Rostov. They had five children:
# Prince Dmitry of Tver (1299-1326)
# Prince Alexander of Tver (1301-1339)
# Prince Konstantin of Tver (1306-1346)
# Prince Vasily of Kashin (d. after 1368)
# Feodora

Mikhail's sons and successors Dmitry and Alexander the Terrible Eyes were both also killed in the Horde, as was Alexander's elder son, Mikhail. Both Aleksandr Mikhailovich, and Mikhail Aleksandrovich briefly held the Grand Princely office (in 1326-1327 and 1371-1372 respectively) [ Paul, "Was the Prince of Novgorod a 'Third-rate Bureaucrat'", 111] but Mikhail's failure to defeat Yury of Moscow, followed by Aleksandr's role (real or perceived) in the Tver Uprising of 1327, led the Tver branch to lose the favor of the Khans, and the Danilovich - the Muscovite princes, held the title for all but two years after 1317.

Mikhail's wife Anna took the veil in Kashin's nunnery and died there on October 2, 1368. She is commemorated as Anna of Kashin by the Russian Orthodox Church and was canonized in 1677.

ee also

*Rulers of Russia family tree

References

External links

* [http://www.spsl.nsc.ru/history/descr/spis45.htm Biography]
* [http://library.tversu.ru/exgibits2.htm Canonical biography]