Reports of Streptococcus mitis on the moon

Pete Conrad with Surveyor 3

As part of the Apollo 12 mission, the camera from the Surveyor 3 probe was brought back to Earth. On analyzing the camera it was found that the common bacterium Streptococcus mitis was alive on the camera. This was attributed by NASA to the camera not being sterilized on Earth prior to its launch two and a half years previously.

Since then, there has been at least one independent investigation into the validity of the NASA claim. Leonard D. Jaffe, a Surveyor program scientist and custodian of the Surveyor 3 parts brought back from the Moon, stated in a letter to the Planetary Society that a member of his staff reported that a "breach of sterile procedure" took place at just the right time to produce a false positive result. One of the implements being used to scrape samples off the Surveyor parts was laid down on a non-sterile laboratory bench, and then was used to collect surface samples for culturing. Jaffe wrote, "It is, therefore, quite possible that the microorganisms were transferred to the camera after its return to Earth, and that they had never been to the Moon."^[1] In 2007, NASA funded an archival study that sought the film of the camera-body microbial sampling, to confirm the report of a breach in sterile technique.

The bacterial test is now non-repeatable because the parts were subsequently taken out of quarantine and fully re-exposed to terrestrial conditions (the Surveyor 3 camera is now on display in the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.).

The Surveyor 3 camera was returned from the Moon in a nylon duffel bag, and was not in the type of sealed airtight metal container used to return lunar samples in the early Apollo missions. It is therefore possible that it was contaminated by the astronauts and the environment in the Apollo 12 capsule itself.^[2]

In March 2011, three researchers co-authored a paper, entitled "A Microbe on the Moon? Surveyor III and Lessons Learned for Future Sample Return Missions" that assessed the validity of claims that the S. mitis samples found on the camera had indeed survived for nearly three years on the Moon. The paper concluded that the presence of microbes could more likely be attributed to poor clean room conditions rather than the survival of bacteria for three years in the harsh moon environment. The paper also discussed the implication this incident would have for contamination control in future space missions.^[3]

This subject was covered in the 2008 Discovery Channel documentary series, When We Left Earth.

References

1. ^ Apollo 12 Remembered. Lunar Germ Colony or Lab Anomaly?
2. ^ ""LSDA - Experiment: Surveyor 3 Streptococcus Mitis (APSTREPMIT)"". Life Sciences Data Archive. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/experiment/exper.cfm?exp_index=1651. Retrieved 2011-05-15. 
3. ^ David, Leonard (2 May 2011). "Moon Microbe Mystery Finally Solved". Space.com. http://www.space.com/11536-moon-microbe-mystery-solved-apollo-12.html. Retrieved 2011-05-15. 

External links

• http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/news/expandnews.cfm?id=10180
• http://www.lpi.usra.edu/expmoon/Apollo12/A12_Experiments_III.html
• http://news.yahoo.com/s/space/20110506/sc_space/moonmicrobemysteryfinallysolved

 This article incorporates public domain material from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration document "LSDA - Experiment: Surveyor 3 Streptococcus Mitis (APSTREPMIT)".