Surveyor 3

Infobox Spacecraft


Caption=Alan L. Bean, Lunar Module pilot of Apollo 12, stands next to Surveyor 3 lander. In the background is the Apollo 12 lander, Intrepid.
Name=Surveyor 3
Organization=NASA
Major_Contractors= Hughes Aircraft
Mission_Type=Lander
Satellite_of= Moon
Launch= April 17, 1967 at 07:05:00 UTC
Launch_Vehicle= Atlas-Centaur
Decay= Landed on moon April 20, 1967, 00:04:53 UT at Lunar coords and quad cat|2.94|S|336.66|E
Mission_Duration= 65 hours
Mass= 302 kg after landing
NSSDC_ID= 1967-035AFDGTRFYG

Surveyor 3 was the third lander of the Surveyor program that explored the Moon. Launched on April 17, 1967, Surveyor 3 landed April 20, 1967 at the Mare Cognitium portion of the Oceanus Procellarum. A total of 6,315 images were transmitted to Earth.

As it was landing, highly reflective rocks confused Surveyor 3's descent radar. The engines failed to cut off at 14 ft (4.3 m) as per the planned flight profile, causing the spacecraft to bounce twice.Cite journal | title = "Surveyor"Spacecraft Automatic Landing System | first = Sam W. | last = Thurman | month = February | year = 2004 | journal = 27th Annual AAS Guidance and Control Conference | url = http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/handle/2014/38026?mode=full] The first bounce reached an altitude of 35 ft (10 m). The second bounce reached 11 ft (3 m). On the third impact—from an initial altitude of 11 feet (3 m) and velocity of zero which was under the original design target of 14 ft (4.3 m) slowly descending—the spacecraft settled in a soft landing per design intentions.

This mission was the first carrying a surface soil sampling scoop which can be seen on an extendable arm in the images. This was mounted on a motor driven arm and used to dig four trenches. The trenches were up to 7 in (180 mm) deep. Samples from the trenches were placed in front of the spacecraft's television cameras for image transmission back to Earth. When lunar nightfall came on May 3, 1967, the spacecraft was shut down to preserve battery power; upon the next lunar dawn (14 terrestrial days, or approximately 336 hours) the spacecraft could not be reactivated.

This site was subsequently selected for the Apollo 12 manned lunar mission. Several components of the Surveyor were collected and returned to Earth for study of the long term exposure effects of the harsh lunar environment on human artifacts.

It is widely claimed that a common bacterium, "Streptococcus mitis", accidentally contaminated the spacecraft's camera prior to launch and survived dormant in this harsh environment for two and a half years, to be detected when Apollo 12 brought the camera back to Earth in 1969 [http://science.nasa.gov/NEWHOME/headlines/ast01sep98_1.htm] . This claim has been cited as providing credence to the idea of interplanetary panspermia, but more importantly, led NASA to adopt strict abiotic procedures for space probes to prevent contamination of Mars and other bodies suspected of having conditions suitable for life; most dramatically the Galileo spacecraft was deorbited to avoid impacting Europa. However, NASA officials now no longer support this claim (see Reports of Streptococcus mitis on the moon).

cience instruments

Television

The TV camera consisted of a vidicon tube, 25 and 100 mm focal length lenses, shutters, filters, and iris mounted along an axis inclined approximately 16 degrees to the central axis of the spacecraft. The camera was mounted under a mirror that could be moved in azimuth and elevation. Camera operation was totally dependent upon the receipt of the proper command structure from earth. Frame by frame coverage of the lunar surface was obtained over 360 degrees in azimuth and from +40 degrees above the plane normal to the camera Z-axis to -65 degrees below this plane. Both 600 line and 200 line modes of operation were used. The 200 line mode transmitted over an omnidirectional antenna and scanned one frame every 61.8 seconds. A complete video transmission of each 200 line picture required 20 seconds and utilized a bandwidth of 1.2 kHz. The 600 line pictures were transmitted over a directional antenna. These frames were scanned every 3.6 seconds. Each 600 line picture required nominally 1 second to be read from the vidicon and required a 220 kHz bandwidth for transmission. The data transmissions were converted to a standard television signal. The television images were displayed on earth on a slow scan monitor coated with a long persistency phosphor. The persistency was selected to optimally match the nominal maximum frame rate. One frame of TV identification was received for each incoming TV frame and was displayed in real time at a rate compatible with that of the incoming image. These data were recorded on a video magnetic tape recorder. The camera returned 6315 pictures between April 20 and May 3, 1967, including views of the spacecraft, lunar surveys, and views of the soil mechanics surface sampler and of the earth during solar eclipse. The Apollo 12 Lunar Module landed near the Surveyor 3 spacecraft in November, 1969 and the astronauts examined the spacecraft and brought about 10 kg of parts back to Earth, including the Surveyor 3 camera, which is now on display in the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.

oil mechanics surface sampler

The soil mechanics surface sampler was designed to dig, scrape, and trench the lunar surface and to transport lunar surface material while being photographed so that the properties of the lunar surface could be determined. The sampler was mounted below the television camera and consisted primarily of a scoop approximately 120 mm long and 50 mm wide. The scoop consisted of a container, a sharpened blade, and an electric motor to open and close the container. A small footpad was attached to the scoop door to present a flat surface to the lunar surface. The scoop was capable of holding a maximum quantity of approximately 32 mm diameter of solid lunar material and a maximum of 100 cm³ of granular material. The scoop was mounted on a pantograph arm that could be extended about 1.5 m or retracted close to the spacecraft motor drive. The arm could also be moved from an azimuth of +40 to -72 degrees or be elevated 130 mm by motor drives. It could also be dropped onto the lunar surface under force provided by gravity and a spring. The surface sampler performed seven bearing tests, four trench tests, and 13 impact tests. The total operating time was 18 h, 22 min on 10 separate occasions. Measurements of motor currents and forces applied to the surface were not obtained due to the state of the spacecraft telemetry following landing on the lunar surface. However, estimations were possible. The small spring constant of the torque spring precluded the determination of density from the impact tests. Penetrations of 38 to 50 mm were obtained from the bearing tests, and a 175 mm depth was reached during trenching operations. The design of the mechanism and its electronic auxiliary was more than adequate for the lunar surface operations.

ee also

*Apollo 12
*Forward-contamination

External links

* [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690027073_1969027073.pdf Surveyor Program Results (PDF) 1969]
* [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720019081_1972019081.pdf Analysis of Surveyor 3 material and photographs returned by Apollo 12 (PDF) 1972]
* [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19730064630_1973064630.pdf Examination of Surveyor 3 surface sampler scoop returned by Apollo 12 mission (PDF) 1971]
* [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710008092_1971008092.pdf Surveyor 3 parts and materials returned from the moon by Apollo 12 - Evaluation of lunar effects - Jan 1971 (PDF)]

References