List of Turkic states and empires

Modern Turkic countries

Independent states

*flagicon|Azerbaijan Azerbaijan
*flagicon|Kazakhstan Kazakhstan
*flagicon|Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan
*flagicon|Turkmenistan Turkmenistan
*flagicon|Turkey Turkey
*flagicon|Uzbekistan Uzbekistan

="De facto" states=

*flagicon|Northern Cyprus Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus [Recognized only by Turkey, see Cyprus dispute.]

Autonomous Turkic republics in Russia

*Bashkortostan
*Chuvashia
*Sakha (Yakutia) Republic
*Tatarstan
*Tuva

Other autonomous republics in the Russian Federation

These republics have a small Turkic minority and official language is a Turkic language.
*Altai Republic
*Dagestan
*Khakassia
*Kabardino-Balkaria
*Karachay-Cherkessia
*Taymyria

Other autonomous Turkic regions

*Crimea in Ukraine
*Gagauzia in Moldova
*Xinjiang (New Frontier/buffer zone also known as East Turkestan. Formerly called The Uighur Autonomous Region.) in the western People's Republic of China
*Karakalpakstan in Uzbekistan
*Nakhichevan in Azerbaijan

Former and defunct countries

*Republic of Gumuljina (in Western Thrace) (1913)
*Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918-1920)
*Bukhara People's Soviet Republic (1920-1924)
*Khorezm People's Republic (1920-1924)
*South West Caucasian Republic (1918-1919)
*Republic of Aras (1918-1919)
*Azerbaijan SSR (1920-1991)
*Kazakh SSR (1936-1991)
*Turkmen SSR (1924-1991)
*People's Republic of Tannu Tuva (1921-1944)
*Kyrgyz SSR (1936-1991)
*Uzbek SSR (1924-1991)
*Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan (1932-1934)
*Republic of Hatay (1938-1939)
*East Turkistan Republic (1944-1949)

Historical kaghanates, kingdoms, empires, and dynasties

"The following listed kingdoms and empires were at some time ruled by Turkic kings/khans/shahs or other dynasties. Mentioning of any particular entity in this place should not be read to mean that the entity as a whole was Turkic or even had more than a significant minority of Turkic subjects."

Chronological

*Xiongnu (3rd century BC-4th century AD) – Recent genetics research ["Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analysis of a 2,000-year-old necropolis in the Egyin Gol Valley of Mongolia" Keyser-Tracqui C., Crubezy E., Ludes B. American Journal of Human Genetics 73, 247-260 (August 2003) [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12858290 (Am J Hum Genet. 2003 August; 73(2): 247–260.)] ] confirmed other studies [ [http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=The_Gok_Turk_Empire All Empires] ] indicating the link to Turkic peoples [ [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/07_03/ancient.shtml Ancient DNA Tells Tales from the Grave] Nancy Touchette "Skeletons from the most recent graves also contained DNA sequences similar to those in people from present-day Turkey. This supports other studies indicating that Turkish tribes originated at least in part in Mongolia at the end of the Xiongnu period"."] , although A. Vovin suggested a Yeniseian languages link [A. Vovin, "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language?", Central Asiatic Journal 44/1 (2000), pp. 87-104.]
*Xianbei -"part Mongol, part Turkish" [Cotterell, pp.87]
*Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)
*Northern Han dynasty of China ['Northern Han dynasty was also known as "Early Chao". It was founded by Xiongnu chief Liu Yüan at the head of an army of 50,000 Xiongnu in 308 AD.' Grousset 1970, p.56]
*Northern Wei of China (The Kingdom of the Tabgatch (Toba) Turks).
**Eastern Wei
**Western Wei
*Huns (4th century-5th century)(controversialFact|date=August 2008)(Turkic origin is supported by O. Maenchen-Helfen on the basis of his linguistic studies. [Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen. The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press, 1973] [ [http://www.kroraina.com/huns/mh/mh_6.html Otto Maenchen-Helfen, Language of Huns] ] )
*Hephthalites (aka White Huns) [Grousset, p.67] [Nicole, p.21]
*Türk Empire (552-744) (aka Gokturks, Great Turkic Kaghanate, Turkic Khaganate)
**First Turkic Kaghanate
***Eastern Turkic Kaghanate
***Western Turkic Kaghanate
**Second Turkic Kaghanate
*Avar Kaghanate [Hupchick 2002, p.28.]
*Great Bulgaria (?-640s) (aka Old Bulgaria) ["The Bulgars were a confederation of steppe nomadic Turkic tribes who formerly were part of successive tribal confederations centered on Ukraine, particularly those headed by the Gökturks and the Avars." Hupchick (2002: p.33)] [Grousset 1970, p.176] (probable)
*Volga Bulgaria (800-1236) [Findley 2005, p.50, p.142] [Saunders 1970, pages 59, 81, 220] (probable)
*First Bulgarian Empire(681- )(aka Balkan or Danubean Bulgars) [Hupchick 2002, pp.32-56] [Nicole 1990, p.28-29] [Grousset 1970, p.176-177] (probable)
*Türgesh Kaghanate
*Karluks
*Khazars (7th-10th century)
*Uyghur State (744-840)
*Kimek Khanate
*Kipchaks
*Kumans
*Oghuz (aka Uzes)
*Pechenegs (860-1091)
*Kangly
*Kyrgyz State (840-920)
*Tulunids
*Saqsin
*Ghaznavid Empire
*Seljuk Empire (1073-1307)
*Kara-Khanid Khanate (840-1042)
*Khwarezmian Empire (ruled by a predominantly Persian-speakingFact|date=August 2008 family of Turkic "mamluk" origin.) [M. Ismail Marcinkowski, Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey, with a foreword by Professor Clifford Edmund Bosworth", member of the British Academy, Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2003, ISBN 9971-77-488-7.]
*Later Tang Dynasty in China (923-936, founded by Shatuo Turks)
*Later Jin Dynasty in China (936-947, founded by Shatuo Turks)
*Later Han Dynasty in China (947-951, founded by Shatuo Turks)
*Árpád dynasty [Árpáds, who built and ruled Kingdom of Hungary, were a dynasty of Turkic Onogur(Onoghundur) or Turkic Kabar descent. Grousset 1970, p.177-178]
*Delhi Sultanate in India (1206–1526)
**Mamluk dynasty (1206-90)
**Khilji dynasty (1290-1320)
**Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1413)
*Rasulids
*Mamluks of Egypt (1250-1517)
*Keraits [Saunders, p.211]
*Naimans [Saunders, p.97]
*Öngüts [Saunders, p.52]
*Golden Horde (aka Kipchak Khanate) (1227-1502) [Golden Horde was also known as the Kipchak Khanate. It was stablished and initially ruled by the Chinggissid Mongols officering a predominantly Turkic army of Kipchak-Kumans, Bulgars, and Oghuz over a predominantly Turkic population. Grousset, R., "The Empire of the Steppes", 1970, p.393, Rutgers University Press]
*Timurid dynasty (1370-1506)
*Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm
*Danishmends
*Anatolian Turkish Beyliks
**Chaka of Smyrna
**Ahlatshahs
**Artuklu
**Dilmaçoğlu
**İnaloğlu
**Mengücek
**Saltuklu
**Alaiye
**Aydınoğlu
**Candaroğlu
**Çobanoğlu
**Dulkadir
**Eretna
**Eşrefoğlu
**Germiyan
**Hamidoğlu
**Kadi Burhan al-Din
**Karamanoğlu
**Karesi
**Beylik of Lâdik
**Menteşe
**Osmanoğlu (Later to become Ottoman Empire)
**Pervâneoğlu
**Ramazanoğlu
**Sâhipataoğlu
**Saruhan
**Beylik of Teke
*Asenids (partial) ["As a consequence, groups of the Cumans and the Tatars settled and mingled with the local population in the various regions of the Balkans. The Cumans were the founders of three successive Bulgarian dynasties (Asenids, Terterids, and Shishmanids), and the Wallachian dynasty (Basarabids). They also played an active role in Byzantium, Hungary, and Serbia with Cuman immigrants being integrated into each country's elite." Vásáry 2005, p.i] ["Just as, in the case of contacts between the Bulgaro-Turks and Southern Slaves, the Bulgars organised a state, gave it political stability, and were assimilated into the numerically stronger Slavic population, so the Cumans organised the Vlakh settlers and within a few generations had become culturally assimilated into them.", p. 136, "Cumans and Tatars" by István Vásáry.]
*Terterids(partial) [Vásáry 2005, p. i] ["To replace Ivailo, the Bulgarian "bolyars" chose Georgi I Terter, possibly a Cuman in ethnic origin." Hupchick 2002, p.84]
*Shishmanids(partial) [Vásáry 2005, p.i] [Plamen Pavlov, "Cuman, Tatars and Alans in the Second Bulgarian Empire", p.6.(2005)]
*Basarabids [Vásáry 2005, p.i]
*Chagatai Khanate
*Golden Horde (aka Kipchak Khanate)
*Ottoman Empire (1299-1922)
*Sufids (1361-1379) (aka Kingdom of Khwarizm)
*Bahmani Sultanate(possible) [Cavendish, Marshall. "World and Its Peoples", p.335. Published 2007, Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 0761476350.]
*Kazan Khanate (1438-1552)
*Astrakhan Khanate (1430s-1554)
*Siberia Khanate (1430s-1576)
*Crimean Khanate (1441-1783)
*Qasim Khanate (15th -17th century)
*Kazakh Khanate (1456-1731)
*Khiva Khanate
*Kokand Khanate
*Jagoldai (15th-17th century)
*Black Sheep Turcomans
*White Sheep Turcomans
*Safavid Empire [Findley 2005] (1501-1722) – The Safavid of Persia were a family of Turkic speech . [Saunders 1970, p.177] They were an Iranian [Helen Chapin Metz. Iran, a Country study. 1989. Original from the University of Michigan. pg 313. Emory C. Bogle. Islam: Origin and Belief. University of Texas Press. 1989. pg 145. Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottomon Empire. Cambridge University Press. 1977. pg 77 ] Shia dynasty of mixed Azeri [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v13f3/v13f3004a.html Encyclopaedia Iranica. R. N. Frye. Peoples of Iran.] ] and Kurdish [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v8f1/v8f1010.html R.M. Savory. Ebn Bazzaz. Encyclopedia Iranica] ] origins
*Mughal Empire - built and ruled by Babur, a native speaker of Chagatay Turkic, and his descendants who were of Turco-Mongol origin. [Thackston 1996] [Findley 2005] [Saunders 1970, p.177]
*Afsharids – Iranian dynasty of Turkic Oghuz descent
*Qajar dynasty (1781-1925) – A Persian dynastyAbbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831-1896, I.B.Tauris, pp 2-3] of originally Turkic Oghuz descent.

Turko-Chinese

*Former Zhao Dynasty (304-329) - Hunnish origin. [Cotterell, pp.282]
*Later Zhao Dynasty (328-350) - Hunnish origin. [Cotterell, pp.282]
*Western Qin Dynasty (385-431) - Hunnish origin. [Cotterell, pp.282]
*Former Yan Dynasty (337-370) [Cotterell, pp.282]
*Later Yan Dynasty (384-409) [Cotterell, pp.282]
*Western Yan Dynasty (384-395) [Cotterell, pp.282]
*Southern Yan Dynasty (398-410) [Cotterell, pp.282]
*Northern Yan Dynasty (409-436) [Cotterell, pp.282]
*Southern Liang Dynasty (397-414) [Cotterell, pp.282]
*Northern Liang Dynasty (398-439) - Hunnish origin. [Cotterell, pp.282]
*Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms) (407-431) - Hunnish origin. [Cotterell, pp.282]
*Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534) [Paludan, pp.80] (399-532) [Cotterell, pp.282]
*Eastern Wei Dynasty (534-550 [Paludan, pp.81] ,543 [Cotterell, pp.282] )
*Western Wei Dynasty (535-557 [Paludan, pp.81] ,550 [Cotterell, pp.282] )
*Northern Zhou Dynasty (557-581 [Paludan, pp.81] ,579 [Cotterell, pp.282] )
*Sui Dynasty (580-618) [Cotterell, pp.282]
*Tang Dynasty(618-907) -Founded by the thoroughly sinicized Li family which was of Turkic origin. [Cotterell, pp.117] [Paludan, pp.93]
*"Greater Yan Dynasty" (755-763) - An Lushan's rebellion and declaration of himself as emperor is not officially recognized in the historical records. [Paludan, pp.109]
*Later Tang Dynasty (923-936) [Paludan, pp.121]
*Later Jin Dynasty (936-947) [Paludan, pp.121]
*Later Han Dynasty (947-951) [Paludan, pp.121]

Turco-Mongol

[Singer, Amy. "Constructing Ottoman Beneficence", p86. Published 2002, SUNY Press. ISBN 0791453510.] [Dale, Stephen Frederic. "The Garden of the Eight Paradises", p136. Published 2004, BRILL. ISBN 9004137076] [Lane, George. "Genghis Khan and Mongol Rule", p13. Published 2004, Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313325286] [Saunders, J.J., "The History of the Mongol Conquests", p34. 2001, Routledge & Kegan Ltd. ISBN 978-0812217667.] [Lewis, Bernard. "Islam in History Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East", p204. Published 2001, Open Court Publishing. ISBN 0812695186.]
*Xianbei -"part Mongol, part Turkish" [Cotterell, pp.87]
*Hephthalites (aka White Huns) [Grousset, p.67] [Nicole, p.21]
*Chagatai Khanate
* Golden Horde (1227-1502) [Boris Grekov and Alexander Yakubovski, "The Golden Horde and its Downfall"] (Turkicized nomadic confederation, originally ruled by a Mongol elite)
* Timurid dynasty (1370-1506) (Turkicized and Persianized dynasty of Mongol origin)
*Kazan Khanate (1438-1552)
*Astrakhan Khanate (1430s-1554)
*Siberia Khanate (1430s-1576)
*Crimean Khanate (1441-1783)
*Kazakh Khanate (1456-1731)
*Mughal Empire (Built and ruled by the Baburid dynasty of Turco-Mongol origin, with the adoption of the Persian culture and language) [Thackston 1996] [Findley 2005] [Saunders 1970, p.177] [ [http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/timurid.html The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Tamarind Empire)] ] [ [http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/mughals/ The Islamic World to 1600: Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (The Mughal Empire)] ]
*Qasim Khanate (15th -17th century)

Turco-Persian

[Lewis, Bernard. "Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire", p29. Published 1963, University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0806110600.]
* Ghaznavid Empire (962-1187) (ruled by a thoroughly Persianized family of Turkic "mamluk" origin)M.A. Amir-Moezzi, "Shahrbanu", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, ( [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp7/ot_shahrbanu_20050131.html LINK] ): "... here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."] [Muhammad Qāsim Hindū Šāh Astarābādī Firištah, "History Of The Mohamedan Power In India", Chapter I, "Sultān Mahmūd-e Ghaznavī", p.27: "... "Sabuktegin, the son of Jūkān, the son of Kuzil-Hukum, the son of Kuzil-Arslan, the son of Fīrūz, the son of Yezdijird, king of Persia. ..."]
* Great Seljuk Empire (1073-1307) ((ruled by a predominantly Persian-speaking clan [Jonathan Dewald, "Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World", Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24] of originally Oghuz Turkic descent.)K.A. Luther, "Alp Arslān" in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, ( [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v1f8/v1f8a142a.html LINK] ): "... Saljuq activity must always be viewed both in terms of the wishes of the sultan and his Khorasanian, Sunni advisors, especially Nezām-al-molk ..."] Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Seljuq", Online Edition, ( [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066688 LINK] ): "... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship ..."] O.Özgündenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, ( [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp7/ot_pers_mss_ott_20050106.html LINK] )]
* Khwarezmian Empire (1097-1231) (ruled by a predominantly Persian-speakingFact|date=August 2008 family of Turkic "mamluk" origin.) [M. Ismail Marcinkowski, Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey, with a foreword by Professor Clifford Edmund Bosworth", member of the British Academy, Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2003, ISBN 9971-77-488-7.]
*Afsharids (Iranian dynasty of Turkic descent.)
* Qajar dynasty (1781-1925) (A Persian dynastyAbbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831-1896, I.B.Tauris, pp 2-3] of originally Turkic Oghuz descent [Richard N. Frye and Lewis V. Thomas. "The United States and Turkey and Iran", Harvard University Press, 1951, p. 217] which ruled Persia).
*Safavid Empire
* Bahmani Sultanate(possible Turkish origin) [Cavendish, Marshall. "World and Its Peoples", p.335. Published 2007, Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 0761476350.] [ Ansari, N.H. "Bahmanid Dynasty" Encylopaedia Iranica [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/home/index.isc] ] [Stein, B. "A History of India", p.150, 1998, Blackwell]

See also

*Turkic peoples
*Turkic languages

Notes

References

*Cotterell, A., "The Imperial Capitals of China: A Dynastic History of the Celestial Empire", 2008, The Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-59020-007-0
*Findley, C.V., "The Turks in World History", 2005, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517726-6
*Forbes Manz, B., "The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane", 2002, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63384-2
*Grousset, R., "The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia", 1991, Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9
*Hupchick, D.P., "The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism", 2002, Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6417-3
*Lewis, Bernard. "Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire", 1963, University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0806110600.
*Nicole, D., PhD., "Attila and the Huns", 1990, Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-034-X
*Paludan, A., "Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-By-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China", 1998, Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 978-0500050903
*Saunders, J.J., "The History of the Mongol Conquests", 2001, Routledge & Kegan Ltd. ISBN 978-0812217667
*Thackston, W.M., "The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor", 2002, Modern Library. ISBN 978-0375761379
*Vásáry, I., "Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185-1365", 2005, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521837569