Frombork

Infobox Settlement
name = Frombork

---

imagesize = 250px
image_caption = Frombork Cathedral, with Vistula Lagoon in background.
image_shield = POL Frombork COA.svg
pushpin_

pushpin_label_position = bottom
subdivision_type = Country
subdivision_name = POL
subdivision_type1 = Voivodeship
subdivision_name1 = Warmian-Masurian
subdivision_type2 = County
subdivision_name2 = Braniewo
subdivision_type3 = Gmina
subdivision_name3 = Frombork
leader_title = Mayor
leader_name = Krystyna Ryszarda Lewańska
established_title = Established
established_date = 13th century
established_title3 = Town rights
established_date3 = 1310
area_total_km2 = 7.59
population_as_of = 2006
population_total = 2529
population_density_km2 = auto
timezone = CET
utc_offset = +1
timezone_DST = CEST
utc_offset_DST = +2
latd = 54 | latm = 21 | lats = | latNS = N | longd = 19 | longm = 41 | longs = | longEW = E
postal_code_type = Postal code
postal_code = 14-530
area_code = +48 55
blank_name = Car plates
blank_info = NBR
website = http://www.frombork.pl Frombork [IPA-pl|'|f|r|o|m|b|o|r|k] (Audio-de|Frauenburg|Frauenburg.ogg) is a town in northern Poland, on the Vistula Lagoon, in Braniewo County, Warmia-Masuria Province. It had a population of 2,528 as of 2005.

The former residence of the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, the town and its 700-year-old cathedral were badly damaged in World War II. After the war, Frombork was meticulously reconstructed and is again a popular tourist destination.

History

Early history

The town was founded as a defensive stronghold on an Old Prussian site. In 1224 at Catania, Emperor Frederick II declared Prussia directly subordinate to the church and Holy Roman Empire. Later in the same year the pope assigned Bishop William of Modena as the papal legate to Prussia. With the imperial Golden Bull of Rimini, the Teutonic Knights were granted control of the region, which they subsequently conquered. According to local legend, the Old Prussian inhabitants were baptised by Anselm of MeissenFact|date=December 2007, a priest of the Teutonic Knights and the first Bishop of the Bishopric of Warmia which was created in 1242 by William of Modena.

Supposedly when the stronghold's lord died, his widow Gertruda offered the settlement to the bishop, and in her honor it was named Frauenburg ("Our Lady's fortress" in German). This name is not unique in German, but it usually originates in the construction of a fortified chapel, church, or monastery dedicated to the Virgin Mary or inhabited by nuns. Several places were thus named Marienburg, like the nearby Marienburg castle and city (now Malbork).

The village was first mentioned in a 1278 document signed by Bishop Heinrich I Fleming. On 8 July 1310, Bishop Eberhard von Neiße granted the town Lübeck city rights, as used by many member cities of the Hanseatic League. It was described, still rather unspecifically, as Civitas Warmiensis ("Warmian city").

In 1329-1388, the magnificent Gothic cathedral was built, and was dedicated to the Virgin Mary, or "Our Lady" (in Latin, "Domina Nostra"; in German, "Unsere Frau"). Hence, the town was called "Frauenburg".

Over the centuries, the cathedral has been expanded and rebuilt repeatedly. There are also several other historic churches, dedicated to St. Nicholas, St. George, and St. Anne, all built in the 13th century.

Copernican era

In 1414 the city was plundered and burned during a war between Poland and the Teutonic Knights. In 1454, during the Thirteen Years' War, the hill and its cathedral were occupied by Jan Skalski. By the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), it became an important city of the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia and part of the Polish province of Royal Prussia.

In the Middle Ages, the inhabitants were mainly merchants, farmers and fishermen. The most famous resident was the astronomer and mathematician Nicolaus Copernicus, who lived and worked here as a canon (1512-16 and 1522-43). Copernicus is said to have jokingly called it "Weiberstadt" [Hermann Kesten: Copernicus und seine Welt, [http://books.google.com/books?id=a0Y0AAAAIAAJ&dq=frauenburg+weiberstadt&q=Weiberstadt&pgis=1#search] ] ("Wives' Town") or "Gynepolis" (in Medieval Greek). It was at Frauenburg that the astronomer wrote his epochal work, "De revolutionibus orbium cœlestium". Shortly after its 1543 publication, Copernicus died there and was buried in the cathedral, where his grave seems to have been found by archaeologists in 2005.

In the northwest corner of the cathedral grounds is Copernicus' tower, and in the southwest corner an octagonal building with a square bell tower and a small planetarium and a Foucault's pendulum. From atop the tower one can survey the town, the tiny harbor, the great panorama of the Baltic Sea, and much of Warmia's countryside.

Modern history

After the first partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1772), the town was taken over by the Kingdom of Prussia. Subsequently, in 1871 Frauenburg became part of the German Empire. The "Preußische Ostbahn" railway line was opened in 1899 connecting Elbing (Elbląg) and Braunsberg (Braniewo) via Frauenburg, leading further to the Russian border at Eydtkuhnen (Chernyshevskoye). Passenger services on the railway line through Frombork ceased in early 2006.

Towards and after the end of World War II, the German inhabitants were either evacuated or expelled like most of the German population of East Prussia. At the end of World War II, the city along with the rest of southern East Prussia, became part of Poland once more under territorial changes promulgated by the Potsdam Conference. The town, renamed Frombork in 1946, was resettled by Poles, many of whom were expellees from Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union.

In 1959 Frombork regained its city rights. Having been heavily (70%) damaged in World War II, it was rebuilt by Polish Boy Scouts in 1966-1973, in time for the 500th anniversary of Copernicus' birth.

Today, Frombork is regaining its importance as a tourist destination, abetted by its key location just south of the frontier with the Russian district of Kaliningrad. Although the railway through Frombork closed in 2006, the port has seasonal ferry connections with Elblag, Krynica Morska and Kaliningrad.

Political timeline

*1278 first mentioned
*1310 Lübeck law rights granted for "Civitas Warmiensis"
*1388 cathedral completed and dedicated to the Virgin Mary
*1466 Second Peace of Thorn (1466): now part of the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia and Royal Prussia in Poland
*1772 First partition of Poland: now part of the Kingdom of Prussia
*1871 German Empire founded: now automatically a part of it
*1945 The Potsdam Conference places Frombork under administration of Poland pending a final peace conference, but since one never takes place, the decision effectively passes Frombork to Poland. The new borders are recognized by East Germany in 1950, accepted by West Germany in 1970, and confirmed by newly reunified Germany in 1990 ( [http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/2plusfour8994e.htm] ).

Monuments

Several monuments are on display in Frombork (see external links):
* monument to Nicolaus Copernicus, was replaced in the mid-1950s as the monument erected by Imperial Germany's Wilhelm II was destroyed in WW II
* monument honoring Red Army soldiers, inscribed: "Glory to the Red Army heroes fallen in liberating Frombork"
* monument to people of East Prussia who drowned in the Vistula Lagoon during the 1945 exodus, made from a glacial erratic rock found in the water
* memorial honoring the Boy Scouts and others who took part in "Operation 1001" 1966-73, the rebuilding of the town from its devastation in World War II
* Copernicus' astronomical observatory, work room, instruments and planetarium are on display at Frombork's Copernicus Museum

References

* A useful English-language article on Frombork may be found in [http://www.hiddeneurope.co.uk hidden europe magazine] , Issue 12 (January 2007), pp.27-31 (ISSN 1860-6318)

External links

* [http://www.frombork.pl/?lang=en Municipal website]
* [http://www.frombork.net Polish Site About Frombork]
* [http://mapa.szukacz.pl/?x=544811,19&y=721478,31&zoom=3 Frombork maps from mapa.szukacz.pl] pl icon
* [http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang01.htm Nicolaus Copernicus Museum in Frombork]
* [http://www.zamki.res.pl/frombork.htm Description of Frombork Cathedral - Photos and Plans] pl icon
* [http://www.ostpreussen.net/index.php?seite_id=12&kreis=18&stadt=02 History at Ostpreussen.net] de icon
* [http://www.frombork.art.pl/Frombork-foto/Mprus.jpgMap of Prussia as of 1629, with "Frawenburg" (near the small ship)]