Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve

Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve ( _ru. Печоро-Илычский заповедник, "Pechoro-Ilychsky zapovednik") is a nature reserve in the Komi Republic, Russia. It currently occupies 7,213 square kilometers and forms the core of the World Heritage Site Virgin Komi Forests.

Location

The nature reserve is located in the south-eastern corner of the Komi Republic (Troitsko-Pechorsky District), on the westernslopes of the Ural Mountains and the adjacent foothills and lowlands. The area is drained by the upper course of the Pechora River and its tributary Ilych, from whose names the name of the reserve is derived.

History

The idea of the creation of a nature reserve in the uppear Pechora, as a sable "zakaznik" (sanctuary), was proposed in 1915 by S. T. Nat, the Chief Forester of Vologda Guberniya, in his article in "Lesnoy Zhurnal" (Forest Journal). The nature reserve was created on May 4, 1930, originally occupying 11,350 square kilometers. The borders of the reserve were set on July 30, 1931.

Originally, the reserve's main office was built in the village of Ust-Ilych, at the fall of the Ilych into the Pechora. Access to that location being extremely difficult, the main office was moved in 1935 to the village of Yaksha, further upstream on the Pechora, but closer to the Kama River basin, via which the area communicated with the outside world in those days.

In 1951, the reserve was greatly reduced in size, to mere 930 km²; its area became non-contiguous, with a small lowland section near Yaksha being separated from the highland part. In 1959, the area of the reserve was increased to its current size (7,213 km²), but it still remains non-contiguous. To better protect the reserve, in 1973 a buffer area of 324 km² (similar to a national forest in the United States) was created outside of the reserve; the size of the buffer area size was increased in 1984 by additional 330 km².

Since 1986, the reserve has been listed by UNESCO as one of the biosphere reserves of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.

In 2005, the forest area including the Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve and its northern neighbor, the Yugyd Va National Park, were recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, under the name Virgin Komi Forests.

Landscape and vegetation

Russian geographer A.A. Korchagin divided the area of the reserve into five natural regions:
*The Pechora Lowlands: pine forests, pine forested swamps, and moss swamps. There few spruce forests in that area. This region includes the "Gusinoe Bolota" (Goose Swamp), a peat bog that occupies around 3 km², with the peat deposits some 5-6 meters deep.
*The piedmont (foothils) region, dominated by forests of shade-loving species: Siberian spruce, Siberian pine, and Siberian fir. There plenty of forested swamps there, but hardly any moss swamps.
*The Upper Ilych Lowland: this region is surrounded by the Urals highlands and mountains and has particularly severe climate. The slow-growing forest there is classified as boreal taiga.
*The Ural Mountains, the area that is the least studied but has the greatest variety of landscapes. It includes the piedmont forest belt (fir and spruce), up to 300-350 meters elevation. Above it, up to 600 m elevation, is the subalpine foret belt, where firs and spruces are gradually replaced with birch forests and subalpine meadows. The tree line is at 550-650 m elevation, although there are occasional firs at the elevations as high as 800 m or even higher. Above the tree line, alpine meadows and then tundra are found.
*The valleys of the Pechora, Ilych, and their tributaries.

Wildlife

Moose, beavers, squirrels, pine martens are abundant in the reserve. Sables are known to live in the piedmont forest region of the reserve. The wild reindeer have almost disappeared after the loss of the pine forest section of the reserve in 1951, and consequent habitat destruction.

The large predators include brown bears, wolves, and wolverines. Ten "mustelid" species make the reserve their home, from the largest, the wolverine, to the least weasel, as well as the ermine, the American and European mink, the pine marten, the sable, and the Siberian weasel.

Research work

Over the years, scientific research in many areas of biology and ecology was conducted in the reserve. Topics of research ranged from ants to squirrels to fish. The moose was a particularly important topic of research in the reserve.

Moose domestication experiments

The moose ("Alces alces") has long been an object of research at the Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve.

In the late 1940s, the management of the reserve encountered the problem of the unsustainable growth of the moose population. By the early 1950s, the pastures in the reserve started to be exhausted. To handle the problem, in 1956 a moose hunting enterprise ( _ru. лосепромысловое хозяйство) affiliated with the reserve, but located outside of its territory. The investment paid off in the first year of operation. Between 1956 and 1968, 1000 moose have been harvested, providing 200 tonsof meat. At the same time, hunting operations allowed to collect unique statistical materials on the biology of the Pechora moose population.

Besides moose hunting, in 1949 the reserve staff created the facility they referred to as a "moose farm" ( _ru. лосеферма, "loseferma"), in order to study the feasibility of moose domestication. The first director of this project was Yevgeny Knorre. After he moved to the Volga-Kama Nature Reserve in 1962, his student M. V. Kozhukhov became the director.

The main objectives of the farm were to learn more about the moose biology, and to use this knowledge to develop suitable food rations for the moose and techniques for caring for them; to study the feasibility of raising a farm-bred population; and to explore the possibilities of the useof the moose in the national economy.

Over the first 40-plus years of the project, 6 generations of moose were raised on the farm, with some 30-35 animals at the farm in any given year. About 15 moose calves were raised at the farm in a good spring. The total number of the animals raised over the year is said to have exceeded 500.

The farm's adult moose spend most of the time browsing in the forest; however, a pregnant moose cow would always come back to the farm to give birth. Then, during the lactation period of three to five months, the moose cow would come to the farm several times a day, at the same hours, to be milked. The milk production of a moose is small compared to a dairy cow: over the lactation season, the total of 300-500 liters (75-125 gallons) of milk is obtained from a moose cow. However, the milk has a high (12-14%) fat content, and is rich in vitamins and microelements; it issaid to have medicinal properties.

A farm-raised moose can live as long as 18 years, although few of them reached that age because of the depredations of wolves, bears, and poachers on the free-ranging population.

Among the potential productive uses of the moose are concerned, the milk production was found the most promising. However, riding a moose, or using it to pull a sleigh was tried at the farm as well.

Over the years, a number of research articles dealing with the physiology, ethology, and ecology of the moose were published by the biologists from the reserve, as well as from theresearch institutes in Syktyvkar and Moscow (e.g. [ [http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/summary_0199-30316_ITM Aleksandr V. Chalyshev, "Nutrient composition of milk from domesticated taiga moose during the lactation period"] , "Alces", 01-JAN-2002 en icon] [ [http://bolt.lakeheadu.ca/~alceswww/Suppl2/Suppl2_93.pdf Nelly A. Moyseenko, "Components of red blood in young moose"] , "Alces" Supplement 2: pp. 93-97 (2002) en icon] [ [http://www.springerlink.com/content/h2237731843658t4/ T.I. Kochan, "Seasonal Adaptation of Metabolism and Energy in the Pechora Taiga Moose Alces alces"] [Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology] , Volume 37, Number 3 / May, 2001 en icon] )

Knorre's and his associates' moose domestication work at Pechora Ilych, as well as somewhat similar Musk Ox Domestication Project at the University of Alaska's Institute of Northern Agricultural Research, also provided valuable insights in the general theory of animal domestication. [ [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0011-3204(197202)13%3A1%3C23%3AOAMFMR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F Paul F. Wilkinson, "Oomingmak: A Model for Man-Animal Relationships in Prehistory"] "Current Anthropology", Vol. 13, No. 1 (Feb., 1972), pp. 23-44.] [ [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0147(197907)114%3A1%3C101%3AFANGPA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S Charles T. Robbins, Barbara L. Robbins, "Fetal and Neonatal Growth Patterns and Maternal Reproductive Effort in Ungulates and Subungulates"] "American Naturalist", Vol. 114, No. 1 (Jul., 1979), pp. 101-116]

The facility, located in the remote Northern Urals taiga, never meant to turn a profit, and found itself in a difficult situation after the government funding cutbacks of the early 1990s. According to a recent trip report, the moose farm operations have been greatly reduced; the remaining buildings are in a poor conditions, and only a few animals remain. A Moscow teacher visiting in 2003 reported that there were only five left. [ [http://press.alledu.ru/publication/432/959 Vladimir Golovner (Владимир ГОЛОВНЕР) "Primaeval forest, White nights, Dwarfed birches: Second Inter-Regional Schoolchildren's Expedition to the Northern Urals" (Лес первобытный, ночь белая, береза угнетенная: Вторая межрегиональная экологическая экспедиция школьников на Северный Урал)] . "Uchitelskaya Gazeta" (Учительская газета), 07-Oct-2003 ru icon]

However, moose domestication experiments in Russia continue at a more fortunately located Kostroma Moose Farm.

ources

* [http://www.trpk.ru/see/reserve.html Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve] ru icon
* [http://reserves.biodiversity.ru/pilych/index.html Pechora-Ilych National Biosphere Nature Reserve] ru iconOn the moose domestication project:
* [http://www.moosefarm.newmail.ru/why-en01.htm "Why moose?"] An overview of the history of the Russian moose domestication project by Alexandr Minaev, a Moscow biologist who works with the Kostroma Moose Farm. The page includes rare photos from E.P.Knorre's paper "Behavioural changes in elk in the process of its domestication" (in the book "Behaviour of animals and problem of their domestication", Transactions of the Moscow Society of Naturalists, vol XXXV, Biological series, Moscow, 1969). en icon
* [http://www.trpk.ru/see/elk.html D.V. Zhitnev (Д.В.Житенев), M.M. Serebryanny (М.М.Серебрянный) "Research Activities in Pechora Ilych Nature Reserve. World's First Experimental Moose Farm". (Научная деятельность в Печоро-Илычском заповеднике. Первая в мире опытная лосеферма)] (1988) ru icon
* [http://losyzapovednik.narod.ru/ Pechora Ilych Reserve "moose farm", a recent trip report] ru icon
* [http://www.macaulay.ac.uk/livestocksystems/feasibility/moosefeas.pdf T.Lecomte, "La réintroduction de l'Elan (Alces alces) dans les zones humides: Un projet dans le cadre du développement durable des zones humides éfavorisées"] (Nov-1998) fr icon
* E.P. Knorre. "Change in the behavior of moose with age during the domestication", "Le Naturaliste Canadien", volume 101 (1974), No. 1-2, p. 371-377. en icon

Footnotes