Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park

Infobox_protected_area | name = Cabo de Gata-Níjar
iucn_category = II

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caption =
locator_x =
locator_y =
location = Almería Province, Spain
nearest_city = Almería, Spain
lat_degrees = 36
lat_minutes = 51
lat_seconds =
lat_direction = N
long_degrees = 02
long_minutes = 06
long_seconds =
long_direction = W
area = 460 km²
established = 1997
visitation_num = 500,000
visitation_year = 1998
governing_body = Junta de Andalucia, Almería Delegation

Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park is a nature reserve near Almería, Spain. It is the largest terrestrial-maritime reserve in the European Western Mediterranean Sea, covering 460 km² including the town of Carboneras, the mountain range of Sierra de Cabo de Gata, and 120 km² of the sea as a part of a Marine reserve. It is of volcanic origin and is centred around the Cabo de Gata headland. Its climate is semiarid to the extent of being the driest location in Europe. In 1997 it was designated as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. Among its rich plant life are a number of endemic xerophytes in the terrestrial zone and the important "Posidonia" seagrass in the marine zone. Up until the 1960s it was one of the last locations where the endangered monk seal bred in Spain, the islet of Tabarca being the other.

Geography

Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park is characterised by volcanic rock formations and by matorral, an abundance of drought-adapted flora: low-growing vegetation, dwarf fan palms and a number of xerophytes. It is semi-arid, the average temperature is 18 °C and it has the lowest rainfall in the Iberian peninsula and the whole Europe, its average precipitation being a mere 120 to 180 mm (4.72 to 7.09 in) annually. Its coasts have seagrass beds of the "Posidonia" genus and offshore coral reefs, both dramatically increasing the numbers of resident and transient marine species. 120 km² of the total designated protected area are a Marine reserve, extending underwater to a depth of 60 metres (197 ft). Between the village of San Miguel and the Cabo de Gata point are salt flats (Las Salinas de Cabo de Gata) separated from the sea by a 400 m (0.24 mi) sand bar.

Habitation

Originally due to the harsh conditions for agriculture and its isolated location, habitation has been historically sparse, which has kept the area relatively virgin, something rather unlikely in the Spanish costa. 3,500 people were recorded as living within the boundaries in 1997 and the Natural park protection it now receives promises to keep residential expansion under control, although tourism has boomed recently and in 1998 there were 500,000 tourists visiting the area, specially during Summer (these stay in nearby hotels around the area from where to make a day trip to the Natural park beaches).

The main towns are Níjar, inland from the coast (and outside the protected area), and Carboneras at the eastern extreme of the park. San Jose de Nijar is one of the main villages on the coast. Formerly a fishing village, it now has a small tourist industry as it provides easy access to the Playa de los Genoveses and the Playa de Mónsul. Almadraba de Monteleva, in the east of the park, formerly had a sea salt extraction industry.

Flora

There are over 1,000 plants recorded in the reserve, some of which are endemic to the park, including the pink snapdragon ("Antirrhinum charidemi"), known to the locals as the "Dragoncillo del Cabo". The majority of the species are adapted for the semi-arid conditions: the European fan palm ("Chamaerops humilis"), Europe's only native palm, supplements the meagre groundwater supplies with dew and airborne moisture. Iberia's largest population of jujube ("Ziziphus zizyphus"), a thorny shrub, populates the steppe. The scrubland is composed of olive trees ("Olea europaea"), mastic ("Pistacia lentiscus"), Kermes oaks ("Quercus coccifera"), esparto grass ("Stipa tenacissima"), thyme ("Thymus") and rosemary ("Rosmarinus officinalis"). Around the salt flats are colonies of saltworts, common reeds ("Phragmites australis") and the glasswort ("Salicornia fruticosa"). In the coastal waters are extensive beds of seagrass ("Posidonia oceanica"), which is endemic to the Mediterranean, and 260 species of seaweed.

Fauna

1,100 species of fauna have been recorded within the park, the majority of which are birds. It was designated a special protected zone for birds in 2000. The salt flats provide an important habitat for both the resident birds and the thousands of migrating birds that stop on their journey between Europe and Africa. Species found around the salt flats include flamingos ("Phoenicopterus roseus"); grey ("Ardea cinerea") and purple herons ("Ardea purpurea"); storks; cranes; waders including avocets and oystercatchers; and overwintering ducks.

Many species of lark live on the steppe, including the rare Dupont's lark ("Chersophilus duponti") and there are also little bustards ("Tetrax tetrax") and stone curlews ("Burhinus oedicnemus"). Sea birds include yellow-legged gulls ("Larus michahellis"), terns, razorbills ("Alca torda"), shags, the occasional puffin ("Fratercula arctica") and Cory's ("Calonectris diomedea") and Balearic shearwaters ("Puffinus mauretanicus"). The wealth of animal life provides prey for a number of raptors: ospreys ("Pandion haliaetus"), peregrine falcons ("Falco peregrinus"), kestrels ("Falco tinnunculus") and eagles.

Approximately 15 species of reptile are found in the park, including Italian wall lizards ("Podarcis sicula") (uniquely in Spain), ocellated lizards ("Timon lepidus"), grass snakes ("Natrix natrix") and Lataste's viper ("Vipera latastei"). The maritime reserve is home to various species of crustaceans, molluscs and fishes including the common cuttlefish ("Sepia officinalis"), "Pinna nobilis" which produces sea silk, the Mediterranean moray ("Muraena helena") which was regarded as a delicacy by the Romans, the garfish ("Belone belone") and flying gurnard ("Dactylopterus volitans"), which uses its enlarged pectoral fins to "walk" along the ocean floor. Seaweeds host fish such as bream and grouper.

Among the mammals in the park are common genets ("Genetta genetta"), wild boar ("Sus scrofa"), the garden dormouse ("Eliomys quercinus") and the least weasel ("Mustela nivalis"), the smallest terrestrial mammalian carnivore. The seagrass used to provide a habitat for the endangered monk seal ("Monachus monachus"), but although occasionally sighted offshore, no seals have bred in the park since 1965.

External links

* [http://www.lamardivina.com Natural Park Cabo de Gata (in Spanish)]
* [http://www.mapa.es/rmarinas/lasreservas/gata/gata.htm Official site of the Spanish Marine Reserves, including Cabo de Gata (in Spanish)]
* [http://www.parquenatural.com Nature Park of Gata - Nijar, spanish - english information]
* [http://www.manbos.com/en/vergal.asp?galeria=169 Cabo de Gata pictures]
* [http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/medioambiente/servtc5/ventana/mostrarFicha.do?idEspacio=7406 Natural Park Cabo de Gata - Níjar (in Spanish)]

Notes

*cite web|url=http://www2.unesco.org/mab/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=SPA+15
title=Biosphere Reserve Information: Spain: Cabo De Gata-Nijar|author=|publisher=UNESCO|date=2005-11-03|accessdate=20 November|accessyear=2006
*cite web|url=http://www.degata.com/index.htm|title=Parque Natural Cabo de Gata. Almeria. España|author=|publisher=Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park|date=|accessdate=20 November|accessyear=2006
*cite web|url=http://www.elfarodelcabo.es/english/index.php|title=Travel Agency to Cabo de Gata. Almeria. España|author=|publisher=Travel Agency for Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park|date=|accessdate=27 December|accessyear=2007
*cite web|url=http://www.andalucia.com/environment/protect/cabodegata.htm
* [http://www.lamardivina.com Park Of Gata]
title=Natural Parks - Almeria Province: Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park|author=Jo Williams|publisher=Andalucia.com|date=|accessdate=20 November|accessyear=2006
*cite journal|author=Nicolas B. Langlade, Xianzhong Feng, Tracy Dransfield, Lucy Copsey, Andrew I. Hanna, Christophe Thébaud, Andrew Bangham, Andrew Hudson, and Enrico Coen
journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA|volume=102|issue=21|date=2005-07-11|pages=21–26|url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1177394|title=Evolution through genetically controlled allometry space|accessdate=22 November|accessyear=2006|pmid=16009935|doi=10.1073/pnas.0504210102.
*cite web|url=http://www.mma.es/secciones/biodiversidad/especies_amenazadas/vertebrados/libro_rojo_vert/pdf/FOCA_MONJE.pdf
title=Monachus Monachus|publisher=Ministerio de Media Ambiental (Ministry of the Environment)|date=2006|accessdate=23 November|accessyear=2006|language=Spanish