Sleeper hit

A sleeper hit (often simply called a "sleeper") refers to a film, book, single, album, TV show, or video game that gains unexpected success or recognition.

leeper films

Some sleeper hits achieve unexpected success at the box office immediately upon their initial theatrical release, but this is not typical. Since these films are not expected to do particularly well they are often underpromoted and take time to register in the public consciousness. Typically the sleeper hit relies instead on positive word of mouth and publicity generated by good reviews or awards. Thus sleeper films often attract the most viewers in the latter part of their theatrical releases. For example, "There's Something About Mary" had a small release, but gained notoriety through word of mouth, and grew to top the weekend box office on its 8th week of release. Studios have become more adept at responding to sleeper success at the box office by gradually increasing the number of screens and amount of advertising devoted to a promising film over several weeks (as opposed to a traditional pre-release advertising blitz). This strategy was used to great success by the promoters of "Little Miss Sunshine" and "Brokeback Mountain".Fact|date=February 2007 Some sleeper hits fail completely at the box office but succeed later on video as cult films through positive word of mouth reviews communicated between fans in particular social networks or demographics.

A sleeper hit does not necessarily have to make a lot of revenue; it just needs to achieve a high degree of success relative to expectations. However, the term is generally not used to refer to large budget movies, even those that defy their expectations, such as 1997's "Titanic". The term is fairly subjective, so many movies are informally referred to as sleepers. Sometimes even an unreleased movie is advertised as a sleeper.

Examples

* "Rocky" (1976) [ [http://www.filmsite.org/rock.html Rocky (1976) ] ]
* "" (1977)
* "Halloween" (1978) [ [http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/collective/A1902719 Halloween: review] BBC, 20 October 2003: "It took just 21 days and $30,000 to make Halloween. Until just recently it was the most successful independent film ever made. It was a classic sleeper hit, opening out slowly until word of mouth spread and it took more than $47m at the box office."]
* "Creepshow" (1982)
* "Fast Times at Ridgemont High" (1982) [ [http://movies.msn.com/celebs/celeb.aspx?c=329764&mp=b Amy Heckerling Biography] MSN Movies: "Heckerling served her apprenticeship with five years' worth of limited-distribution short subjects, and graduated to a feature-length effort with the sleeper hit Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982)."]
* "A Christmas Story" (1983) [http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/timeto1.htm Movies that took the longest time to reach #1 at the weekend box office] Box Office Mojo 2007]
* "The Terminator" (1984)
* "Stand by Me" (1986)
* "Dirty Dancing" (1987)
* "Fatal Attraction" (1987)
* "A Fish Called Wanda" (1988)
* "Home Alone" (1990)
* "Boyz N The Hood" (1991)
* "Menace II Society" (1993)
* "The Shawshank Redemption" (1994) [ [http://www.moviemail-online.co.uk/films/10053/The_Shawshank_Redemption The Shawshank Redemption: review] Moviemail: "One of the biggest sleeper hits of the nineties, The Shawshank Redemption is modern Hollywood storytelling at its most absorbing."]
* "Clueless" (1995)
* "Babe" (1995)
* "Scream" (1996)
* "Sling Blade" (1996)
* "The Full Monty" (1997)
* "There's Something About Mary" (1998)
* "American Pie" (1999) [ [http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800020202/bio Paul Weitz biography] Yahoo Movies: "Featuring an ensemble cast made up primarily of virtual unknowns, many of whom would go on to thriving Hollywood careers, "American Pie" became a summer sleeper hit and ultimately, a film franchise."]
* "Office Space" (1999)
* "The Sixth Sense" (1999)
* "The Blair Witch Project" (1999) [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/08/movies/08farb.html?ex=1317960000&en=b5b98314871ca37b&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Looking for Sleepers in a Wake-Up World] The New York Times, STEPHEN FARBER, October 8, 2006 ]
* "The Boondock Saints" (1999) [http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20041118/REVIEWS/41116007/1023 Overnight] ROGER EBERT, November 19, 2004 ]
* "Scary Movie" (2000)
* "Legally Blonde" (2001)
* "Rush Hour 2" (2001)
* "The Fast and the Furious" (2001)
* "28 Days Later" (2002) [http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117890252.html?categoryid=1019&cs=1 "Summer summary: A fish tale"] , "Variety", August 3, 2003]
* "My Big Fat Greek Wedding" (2002) [ [http://www.dvdmg.com/marchofthepenguins.shtml My Big Fat Greek Wedding: review] DVD Movie Guide, Colin Jacobson, February 5, 2003: "Move over Halloween and Blair Witch Project - there’s a new sleeper champion in town! Although 2002’s My Big Fat Greek Wedding didn’t enjoy a budget quite as low as either of those horror flicks, it proved to be the highest grossing indie movie of all-time."]
* "Bringing Down The House" (2003)
* "Garden State" (2004)
* "Napoleon Dynamite" (2004)
* "Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle" (2004)
* "Brokeback Mountain" (2005)
* "Diary of a Mad Black Woman" (2005)
* "March of the Penguins" (2005) [ [http://www.dvdmg.com/marchofthepenguins.shtml March Of The Penguins: review] DVD Movie Guide, Colin Jacobson, November 21, 2005: "Every summer boasts a sleeper, but few seem as improbable as 2005’s March of the Penguins. This quiet little documentary about the mating habits of emperor penguins came out of nowhere to earn a tidy $76 million. That doesn’t sound like a lot of money, but given the film’s modest $8 million budget, it means the flick turned a serious profit."]
* "The 40 Year-Old Virgin" (2005) [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2007/04/23/entertainment/e112816D31.DTL Sleeper success competition keen in Hollywood blockbuster summer] San Francisco Chronicle, DAVID GERMAIN, Monday, April 23, 2007]
* "Little Miss Sunshine" (2006)

Books

In publishing, success is usually measured by reaching the bestseller lists. Sleeper books are usually released by an unknown (often first-time) author, are not widely publicized on release, and may not sell well at first. However, sleeper books gain recognition by word-of-mouth and this leads to sales increases. They can be promoted by independent booksellers, book clubs, or literary awards.

A good example is "Cold Mountain" by Charles Frazier. This book, written by a first-time novelist, was released with a modest print run of 25,000. It received good reviews and was initially promoted by small booksellers and word-of-mouth. The book won the 1997 National Book Award, spent 45 weeks on the "New York Times" bestseller list, sold over a million copies in hardback alone, and was adapted for film in 2003.

An increase in sales may push the book onto the bestseller list long after its release date. For example, "The Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood" reached the bestseller lists two years after it was initially released. This contrasts with the usual pattern of bestsellers by recognized authors, where sales are high upon release but fall off sharply after a short time.

At least in the UK, Alice Sebold's "The Lovely Bones" only became a huge bestseller at least a year after its publication, following indifferent or mixed reviews upon its first release. Word of mouth and promotion by televised reading groups facilitated such an explosion in sales and readership.

The original "Harry Potter" books began as sleeper hits, only reaching high profile with the third in the series.

"The Godfather", most commonly known now for the movie of the same name, was originally a book, written by Mario Puzo with the intention of creating a bestseller. As its screenplay was being developed, the book grew rapidly in popularity, eventually topping the bestseller charts, far beyond anyone's expectations.

Examples

* "The Bridges of Madison County" by Robert James Waller
* "Captain Corelli's Mandolin" by Louis de Bernières
* "The Celestine Prophecy" by James Redfield
* "Cold Mountain" by Charles Frazier
* "A Confederacy of Dunces" by John Kennedy Toole
* "The Da Vinci Code" by Dan Brown
* "The Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood" by Rebecca Wells
* "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" by J.K. Rowling
* "Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil" by John Berendt
* "The Red Tent" by Anita Diamant
* "The Time Traveler's Wife" by Audrey Niffenegger
* "The Kite Runner" by Khaled Hosseini

Other media

Unexpectedly successful video games such as "Katamari Damacy", "Gitaroo Man", "Rayman", "Guitar Hero", "Animal Crossing", "Phantom Dust" , "The Sims", ', "Indigo Prophecy", ', "Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan", "", "Burnout", Metal Arms: Glitch In the System, and the PC game "Homeworld" can also be described as sleeper hits.

Another type of sleeper hit is a single or album that is released by an unknown artist with little publicity, but proceeds to gain large sales. For example, Alanis Morissette's first international album "Jagged Little Pill" entered the Billboard Music Charts at position 117 and reached the top 10 in its 6th week. However, it spent 69 consecutive weeks in the top 10 and has sold 30 million copies worldwide. Another example is Nirvana's "Nevermind", which surpassed all expectations and became one of the most popular albums of the 90s, launching the band into worldwide popularity.

Joss Whedon's "Firefly", a television show aired in 2002 by Fox Broadcasting Company, received very little coverage at the time of its broadcast and was canceled after only 11 episodes. However, subsequent to its cancellation, the DVD box set sold in massive numbers and remains one of the most purchased items on Amazon.com. This led to the filming and release of "Serenity", a movie concluding the series, which achieved critical acclaim and modest box office success.

The NBC sitcom "Seinfeld" premiered in 1989 with little success. It originally didn't make it into NBC's schedule and was about to be canceled (because of lack of success and the content of the show) but 4 more episodes for the first season were given to complete the NBC schedule. NBC would give Seinfeld three seasons from 1990-1992 and although acclaimed, didn't even make the top 30 shows. However, with positive reviews, word of mouth, Emmy Award wins, and a time slot move to 9:30pm Thursday nights after the hit sitcom Cheers, Seinfeld gained significant ratings and became a part of the top 30 in its fourth season, and eventually became the #1 show. Today, ten years after the finale, Seinfeld remains one of the most syndicated programs and one of the biggest DVD hits, some calling it the greatest sitcom ever on TV.

ee also

* Sleeper for other uses of the word

External links

* [http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/timeto1.htm Movies that took the longest time to reach #1 at the weekend box office]
* [http://www.gladwell.com/1999/1999_10_04_a_sleeper.htm The Science of the Sleeper]

References