Interleukin 21

Interleukin 21

Interleukin 21, also known as IL21, is a human gene.cite web | title = Entrez Gene: IL21 interleukin 21| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=59067| accessdate = ]

The protein encoded by this gene, Interleukin 21, a cytokine that has potent regulatory effects on cells of the immune system, including natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T cells that can destroy virally infected or cancerous cells.cite journal | author = Parrish-Novak J, Dillon SR, Nelson A, Hammond A, Sprecher C, Gross JA, Johnston J, Madden K, Xu W, West J, Schrader S, Burkhead S, Heipel M, Brandt C, Kuijper JL, Kramer J, Conklin D, Presnell SR, Berry J, Shiota F, Bort S, Hambly K, Mudri S, Clegg C, Moore M, Grant FJ, Lofton-Day C, Gilbert T, Rayond F, Ching A, Yao L, Smith D, Webster P, Whitmore T, Maurer M, Kaushansky K, Holly RD, Foster D | title = Interleukin 21 and its receptor are involved in NK cell expansion and regulation of lymphocyte function | journal = Nature | volume = 408 | issue = 6808 | pages = 57–63 | year = 2000 | pmid = 11081504 | doi = 10.1038/35040504 | issn = ] cite journal | author = Parrish-Novak J, Foster DC, Holly RD, Clegg CH | title = Interleukin-21 and the IL-21 receptor: novel effectors of NK and T cell responses | journal = J. Leukoc. Biol. | volume = 72 | issue = 5 | pages = 856–63 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12429707 | doi = | issn = | url = http://www.jleukbio.org/cgi/content/abstract/72/5/856 ] This cytokine induces cell division/proliferation in its target cells. IL-21 elicits its effects on immune cells by interacting with a cell surface receptor known as the interleukin 21 receptor, IL-21R, that is expressed in bone marrow cells and various lymphocytes.

References

Further reading

PBB_Further_reading
citations =
*cite journal | author=Sivakumar PV, Foster DC, Clegg CH |title=Interleukin-21 is a T-helper cytokine that regulates humoral immunity and cell-mediated anti-tumour responses. |journal=Immunology |volume=112 |issue= 2 |pages= 177–82 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15147560 |doi= 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01886.x
*cite journal | author=Leonard WJ, Spolski R |title=Interleukin-21: a modulator of lymphoid proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. |journal=Nat. Rev. Immunol. |volume=5 |issue= 9 |pages= 688–98 |year= 2005 |pmid= 16138102 |doi= 10.1038/nri1688
*cite journal | author=Brandt K, Singh PB, Bulfone-Paus S, Rückert R |title=Interleukin-21: a new modulator of immunity, infection, and cancer. |journal=Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. |volume=18 |issue= 3-4 |pages= 223–32 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17509926 |doi= 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.04.003
*cite journal | author=Flores I, Casaseca T, Martinez-A C, "et al." |title=Phosphatidic acid generation through interleukin 2 (IL-2)-induced alpha-diacylglycerol kinase activation is an essential step in IL-2-mediated lymphocyte proliferation. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue= 17 |pages= 10334–40 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8626603 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Parrish-Novak J, Dillon SR, Nelson A, "et al." |title=Interleukin 21 and its receptor are involved in NK cell expansion and regulation of lymphocyte function. |journal=Nature |volume=408 |issue= 6808 |pages= 57–63 |year= 2000 |pmid= 11081504 |doi= 10.1038/35040504
*cite journal | author=Vosshenrich CA, Di Santo JP |title=Cytokines: IL-21 joins the gamma(c)-dependent network? |journal=Curr. Biol. |volume=11 |issue= 5 |pages= R175–7 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11267886 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Asao H, Okuyama C, Kumaki S, "et al." |title=Cutting edge: the common gamma-chain is an indispensable subunit of the IL-21 receptor complex. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=167 |issue= 1 |pages= 1–5 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11418623 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Strengell M, Sareneva T, Foster D, "et al." |title=IL-21 up-regulates the expression of genes associated with innate immunity and Th1 response. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=169 |issue= 7 |pages= 3600–5 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12244150 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, "et al." |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899
*cite journal | author=Zhang JL, Foster D, Sebald W |title=Human IL-21 and IL-4 bind to partially overlapping epitopes of common gamma-chain. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=300 |issue= 2 |pages= 291–6 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12504082 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Strengell M, Matikainen S, Sirén J, "et al." |title=IL-21 in synergy with IL-15 or IL-18 enhances IFN-gamma production in human NK and T cells. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=170 |issue= 11 |pages= 5464–9 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12759422 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Brandt K, Bulfone-Paus S, Foster DC, Rückert R |title=Interleukin-21 inhibits dendritic cell activation and maturation. |journal=Blood |volume=102 |issue= 12 |pages= 4090–8 |year= 2004 |pmid= 12893770 |doi= 10.1182/blood-2003-03-0669
*cite journal | author=Sivori S, Cantoni C, Parolini S, "et al." |title=IL-21 induces both rapid maturation of human CD34+ cell precursors towards NK cells and acquisition of surface killer Ig-like receptors. |journal=Eur. J. Immunol. |volume=33 |issue= 12 |pages= 3439–47 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14635054 |doi= 10.1002/eji.200324533
*cite journal | author=Pène J, Gauchat JF, Lécart S, "et al." |title=Cutting edge: IL-21 is a switch factor for the production of IgG1 and IgG3 by human B cells. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=172 |issue= 9 |pages= 5154–7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15100251 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Strengell M, Julkunen I, Matikainen S |title=IFN-alpha regulates IL-21 and IL-21R expression in human NK and T cells. |journal=J. Leukoc. Biol. |volume=76 |issue= 2 |pages= 416–22 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15178704 |doi= 10.1189/jlb.1003488
*cite journal | author=Zhang SQ, Chen B, Luo X, Xu CZ |title= [Cloning and expression of human interleukin-21 cDNA in E.coli] |journal=Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi |volume=20 |issue= 4 |pages= 406–9 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15207081 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, "et al." |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121–7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504
*cite journal | author=Ozaki K, Spolski R, Ettinger R, "et al." |title=Regulation of B cell differentiation and plasma cell generation by IL-21, a novel inducer of Blimp-1 and Bcl-6. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=173 |issue= 9 |pages= 5361–71 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15494482 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Mehta DS, Wurster AL, Weinmann AS, Grusby MJ |title=NFATc2 and T-bet contribute to T-helper-cell-subset-specific regulation of IL-21 expression. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=102 |issue= 6 |pages= 2016–21 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15684054 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.0409512102

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