Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter

The Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter, located in Colbert County in northwestern Alabama, United States, is one of the most important prehistoric sites excavated in the state due to the archeological evidence deposited by the Paleo-Indians who once occupied the According to "The Earliest Americans Theme Study for the Eastern United States", Stanfield-Worley Rock Shelter is considered a strong candidate for National Historic Landmark status.cite web | last = Anderson | first = David G.|publisher=National Park Service, U.S. Department of Interior|title= The Earliest Americans Theme Study for the Eastern United States - Southeastern | url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/archeology/PUBS/NHLEAM/F-Southeast.htm| accessdate=2006-11-02]

History

Based on archeological evidence, the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter was occupied from the Lithic stage to the Mississippian period. The well-preserved stratigraphic zones provide insights into the evolution of prehistoric societies in northern Alabama over a period of nine millennia.cite book | last = Walthall | first = John A.| title = Prehistoric Indians of the Southeast: Archaeology of Alabama and the Middle South | Publisher = University of Alabama Press | date = 1980 | id = ISBN 0-8173-0552-1]

Dalton zone

The Dalton zone, shown as Zone D in the photograph of the stratigraphic zones, represents a transitional Paleo-Indian culture of Alabama with specimens dated to approximately 7000 BCE based on radiocarbon dating. The artifacts found in this complex are typical of mobile hunter-gatherers. The Dalton occupation was remarkable in its intensity with over 150 projectile points, in addition to Paleo-Indian uniface tools such as scrapers and knives, found during the 1961 survey season. The projectile points include both Paleo-Indian (lanceolate Dalton points) and Archaic (side-notched Big Sandy points) specimens.cite web | publisher=Office of Archeological Research, University of Alabama|title= Excavations at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter | url=http://museums.ua.edu/oar/NEH/N_Ala/StanfieldWorley.htm| accessdate=2006-11-02] Other artifacts indicate manufacture of wood, antler, and bone tools.cite journal | last = Walthall|first=John A.|title=Rockshelters and Hunter-Gatherer Adaptation to the Pleistocene/Holocene Transition| journal=American Antiquity |month=April|year=1998 | volume=63|issue=2|pages=223–238|doi=10.2307/2694695]

Paleo-Indian sites with preserved faunal and floral records, such as Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter, are important to understanding cultural development during the period. The faunal remains of the site contain bones of modern animals including deer, squirrel, turkey, and porcupine. The shelter is located below the southern extent of the current range of porcupines. In addition, remains of the extinct passenger pigeon have been found. Although the animals which the Dalton occupants hunted are similar to those hunted by Archaic peoples, there is no evidence in the zone of shellfish collection or seed processing, traits of established Archaic societies.cite web | publisher=Office of Archeological Research, University of Alabama|title= Excavations at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter | url=http://museums.ua.edu/oar/NEH/N_Ala/StanfieldWorley.htm| accessdate=2006-11-02]

Middle Archaic through Mississippian periods

Zone B in the photograph of the stratigraphic zones contains specimens from the Morrow Mountain Phase of the Middle Archaic period. The excavation of this intermediate layer yielded three sets of human remains as well as projectile points, bone awls, and other tools. The youngest stratigraphic zone (Zone A, not shown in the photograph) contained specimens from the Archaic through Mississippian periods.

Archeology

Archeological surveys

The excavation of the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter commenced in 1960 under the guidance of the North Alabama Project, a partnership between the University of Alabama and the Archaeological Research Association of Alabama.cite web | publisher=Office of Archeological Research, University of Alabama|title= Excavations at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter | url=http://museums.ua.edu/oar/NEH/N_Ala/StanfieldWorley.htm| accessdate=2006-11-02] The first two field seasons (1960 and 1961) were reported by David L. DeJarnette and colleagues. cite journal | last = DeJarnette|first=David L.|coauthors=Edward Kurjack, James W. Cambron | title=Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter Excavations| journal=Journal of Alabama Archaeology |year=1962 | volume=8|issue=2] The excavation of the third and final season (1963) was smaller in scale with the results never being published.

The trench and block technique was utilized in the excavation of the site. In this technique, individual blocks are created by digging trenches in a defined pattern. The exposed sides of the resulting blocks allow excavation to proceed by individual zones or strata. The trenches and blocks are pictured in the photograph on the upper right. The resulting collection includes over 11,000 specimens.cite web | publisher=Office of Archeological Research, University of Alabama|title= Excavations at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter | url=http://museums.ua.edu/oar/NEH/N_Ala/StanfieldWorley.htm| accessdate=2006-11-02]

Archeological significance

By 1960, it was clear that north Alabama had possibly the densest concentration of Paleo-Indian sites within the United States. The importance of the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter, one such Paleo-Indian site, lies in its ability to establish an accurate timeframe for Dalton projectile points.cite journal | last = Bell|first=Robert E. | title= Review - Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter Excavations| journal=American Antiquity |month=April|year=1965 | volume=30|issue=4|pages=515 | doi= 10.2307/277964] This resulted in references to the site in almost every summary of eastern North American prehistory.

With over 150 projectile points recovered in the 1960 season alone, the site provided invaluable information regarding Paleo-Indian artifacts. The projectile points were divided into "fifty-six taxonomic types and six residual categories or provisional types."cite journal | last = DeJarnette|first=David L.|coauthors=Edward Kurjack, James W. Cambron | title=Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter Excavations| journal=Journal of Alabama Archaeology |year=1962 | volume=8|issue=2] cite journal | last = Bell|first=Robert E. | title= Review - Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter Excavations| journal=American Antiquity |month=April|year=1965 | volume=30|issue=4|pages=515 | doi= 10.2307/277964] Much of the information was incorporated into the "Handbook of Alabama Archaeology". cite book |last= Cambron|first= James W. |coauthors=David C. Hulse |title= Handbook of Alabama Archaeology: Part I, Point Types|year= 1964|publisher= Archaeological Research Association of Alabama |location= Huntsville, Alabama]

Both Robert E. Bell and Charles H. Fairbanks lauded the success of the North Alabama project in raising funds to further archaeological research.cite journal | last = Bell|first=Robert E. | title= Review - Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter Excavations| journal=American Antiquity |month=April|year=1965 | volume=30|issue=4|pages=515 | doi= 10.2307/277964] cite journal | last = Fairbanks|first=Charles H. | title= Book Reviews (Archeology) - Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter Excavations| journal=American Anthropologist (New Series) |month=August|year=1964 | volume=66|issue=4, Part 1|pages=952–953]

References