Plastic mulch

Plastic mulch is a product used, in a similar fashion to mulch, to suppress weeds and conserve water in crop production and landscaping. Certain plastic mulches also act as a barrier to keep methyl bromide, both a powerful fumigant and ozone depleter, in the soil. Crops grow through slits or holes in thin plastic sheeting. Plastic mulch is often used in conjunction with drip irrigation. Some research has been done using different colors of mulch to affect crop growth. This method is predominant in large-scale vegetable growing, with millions of acres cultivated under plastic mulch worldwide each year. Disposal of plastic mulch is cited as an environmental problem, however, technologies exist to provide for the recycling of used/disposed plastic mulch into viable plastic resins for re-use in the plastics manufacturing industry. [ [http://www.rkoindustries.com/id26.html Plastic mulch film recycling process] Agricultural plastics recycling website, accessed 07.03.08]

History

The idea of using polyethylene film as mulch in plant production saw it’s beginnings in the mid 1950’s. Dr. Emery M. Emmert of the University of Kentucky was one of the first to recognize the benefits of using LDPE (low density polyethylene) and HDPE (high density polyethylene) film as mulch in vegetable production. His work in this area was done at the University of Kentucky. Dr. Emmert also wrote on other topics such as the use of plastic for greenhouses instead of glass and plastic in field high tunnels. Today Dr. Emmert is considered the “father of plastic greenhouses”. He was jokingly also called the ”plastic surgeon” due to his use of plastic instead of glass for greenhouses and his use of clear and black plastic as mulch in vegetable production. Approximately, 2500 square miles of agricultural land utilize polyethylene mulch and similar row covers for crop production in the world.

Benefits

The use of plastic mulches along with the use of drip irrigation has many benefits such as:

Earlier planting dates

The use of plastic mulch alters soil temperature. Dark mulches and clear mulches applied to the soil intercept sunlight warming the soil allowing earlier planting as well as encouraging faster growth early in the growing season. White mulch reflects heat from the sun effectively reducing soil temperature. This reduction in temperature my help establish plants in mid-summer when cooler soil might be required.

oil moisture retention

Plastic mulches reduce the amount of water lost from the soil due to evaporation. This means less water will be needed for irrigation. Plastic mulches also aid in evenly distributing moisture to the soil which reduces plant stress.

Weed management

Plastic mulches prevent sunlight from reaching the soil which can inhibit most annual and perennial weeds. Clear plastics do not prevent weed growth. Holes in the mulch for plants tend to be the only pathway for weeds to grow.

Reduction in the leaching of fertilizer

The use of drip irrigation in conjunction with plastic mulch allows one to reduce leaching of fertilizers. Using drip irrigation eliminates the use of flood and furrow irrigation that applies large quantities of water to the soil which in turn tends to leach nitrogen and other nutrients to depths below the root zone. Drip irrigation applies lower amounts of water with fertilizers injected and thus these fertilizers are applied to the root zone as needed. This also reduces the amount of fertilizer needed for adequate plant growth when compared to broadcast fertilization.

Improved crop quality

Plastic mulches keep ripening fruits off of the soil. This reduced contact with the soil decreases fruit rot as well as keeps the fruit and vegetables clean. This is beneficial for the production of strawberries, for example.

Reduction in soil compaction

The plastic mulch covering the soil decreases the crusting effect of rain and sunlight. The reduction in weed quantity means a decreased need for mechanical cultivation. Weed control between beds of plastic can be done using directly applied herbicides and through mechanical means. The soil underneath the plastic mulch stays loose and well aerated. This increases the amount of oxygen in the soil and aids in microbial activity.

=Reduction in root da

The use of plastic mulch creates a practically weed free area around the plant resulting in not need for cultivation except between the rows of plastic. The roots are not damaged because tof the lack of cultivation.Due to these factors the use of plastic mulch leads to an improvement in the overall growth of the plant.

Disadvantages

There are a few disadvantages to using plastic mulches in crop production as well.

Cost

The benefits from using plastic mulch come at a higher cost than planting in bare soil. These costs include equipment, the plastic film used as the mulch, transplanters designed for plastic beds, and additional labor during installation and removal of mulch films. Specialized Mulch Application equipment must be used to install plastic mulch beds into a field. These machines shape the soil and apply the plastic to the prepared soil. Transplanters designed for plastic mulch can be used to plant the desired crop. Hand transplanting is an option but this is rather inefficient. The removal of plastic mulch also contributes to a higher cost through additional labor and equipment needed. Specialized designed undercutting equipment can be used to remove the plastic from the field after harvest.

Disposal

Although biodegradable plastic mulches exist, non-biodegradable plastics are more widespread. These non-biodegradable plastic mulches must be removed from the field and disposed of properly. Motes and McCraw of Oklahoma State University state that approximately 8 hours of labor is required to remove one acre of plastic mulch. There is one company, Crain Associates, Inc. that specializes in the building of plants designed to recycle agricultural film and other hard to clean plastics.

Application

The use of plastic mulch requires a unique application process to insure proper placement of the plastic film. This application process begins with the preparing the field the same way one would for a flat seed bed. The bed must be free of large soil clods and organic residue. A machine called a plastic layer or a bed shaper is pulled over the field creating a row of plastic mulch covering a planting bed. These beds can be a flat bed which simply means the surface of the plastic mulch is level with the inter-row soil surface. Machines that form raised beds create a plastic surface higher than the inter-row soil surface. The basic concept of the plastic bed shaper is a shaping box which creates the bed that is then covered by plastic via a roller and two coulters that cover the edges of the plastic film to hold the plastic the soil’s surface. These plastic layers also place the drip irrigation line under the plastic while the machine lays the plastic. It is somewhat important that the plastic is rather tight. This becomes important in the planting process.

Planting

Planting also requires specialized planting equipment. The most common planting equipment is a waterwheel type transplanter. The waterwheel transplanter utilizes a rotating drum or drums with spikes at set intervals. The drum or drums have a water supply that continuously fills the drum with water. The transplanter rolls the spiked drum over the bed of plastic. As the drum presses a spike into the plastic a hole is punched a water flows into the punched hole. A rider on the transplanter can then place a plant in the hole. These drums can have multiple rows and varied intervals to create the desired spacing for that particular crop.

ee also

*living mulch

References

*Hochmuth, G. 1998. What to do with all that mulch? Amer. Veg. Grower. 46(4):45.
*Lamont, Jr., W.J. 1993. Plastic mulches for the production of vegetable crops. HortTechnology. 3(1): 35-39.
*Marr, C.W. 1993. Plastic Mulches for Vegetables. Kansas State University. October: 1-3.
*McCraw, D. Motes, J.E. 2007. Use of Plastic Mulch and Row Covers in Vegetable Production. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets. 1-5.
*Rice, P.J., L.L. McConnell, L.P. Heighton, A.M. Sadeghi, A.R. Isensee, J.R. Teasdale, A.A. Abdul-Baki, J.A. Harmen-Fetcho, and C.J. Hapeman. 2001. Runoff loss of pesticides and soil: A comparison between vegetative mulch and plastic mulch in vegetable production systems. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1808-1821.
*Wittwer, S.H. 1993. World-wide use of plastics in horticultural production. HortTechnology, 3(1):6-19.