A. N. R. Robinson

Infobox_President|name=Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson


nationality=Citizen of Trinidad and Tobago
|order=3rd President of Trinidad and Tobago
term_start=19 March, 1997
term_end= 17 March, 2003
predecessor=Noor Hassanali
successor=George Maxwell Richards
order2=3rd Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago
term_start2=18 December, 1986
term_end2= 17 December, 1991
predecessor2=George Chambers
successor2=Patrick Manning
birth_date= birth date and age|1926|12|16|df=y
birth_place=Calder Hall, Trinidad and Tobago
dead=alive
death_date=
death_place=
spouse=Patricia Robinson
party=
vicepresident=
religion=Anglican

Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson (born 16 December 1926 in Calder Hall, Tobago) was President of Trinidad and Tobago from 19 March 1997 to 17 March 2003. He was previously Prime Minister from 18 December 1986 to 17 December 1991. He is internationally recognized for his proposal that eventually led to the founding of the International Criminal Court.

President Robinson was the first active politician to be elected to the Presidency, and was the first presidential candidate who was not elected unopposed (the Opposition People's National Movement (PNM) nominated Justice Anthony Lucky as its candidate for President). President Robinson sparked controversy in his term in office when he refused to appoint certain Senators recommended by the Prime Minister Basdeo Panday following the elections in 2000 and in 2001 when he appointed the Leader of the Opposition Patrick Manning to the position of Prime Minister after a tied election.

Originally a member of the PNM, he left the party following the Black Power disturbances in 1970 and founded the "Action Committee of Democratic Citizens" (ACDC). In conjunction with the Democratic Labour Party, Robinson lead the ill-fated "No-vote" campaign of 1971. This campaign protested the use of voting machines which the Opposition DLP considered to be used for election fraud in the 1961 and 1966 elections. Following the election, Robinson founded the Democratic Action Congress (DAC) which won the two Tobago seats in the 1976 and 1981 elections, but which failed to make credible headway in any constituencies in Trinidad.

In 1981 Robinson joined forces with the United Labour Front (ULF) under the leadership of Basdeo Panday and the Tapia House Movement under the leadership of Lloyd Best to form the National Alliance. This group entered an Accommodation with the Organisation for National Reconstruction under the leadership of Karl Hudson-Phillips to fight (and win) the Local Government elections of 1983. Building on this victory the four parties combined to form the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR) which won the 1986 elections by a margin of 33-3 and Robinson was appointed the first non-PNM Prime Minister.

Prior to the 1986 elections Robinson was instrumental in setting up the Tobago House of Assembly (THA). This local government entity was established in 1980 to strengthen the position of Tobago within the unitary state of Trinidad and Tobago. His party, the DAC (and later the NAR) controlled the THA from 1980 until 2001 when the PNM gained control of the body.

During the 1990 "coup d'état" attempt by the Jamaat al Muslimeen the Prime Minister Robinson and much of his Cabinet were held hostage for six days by gunmen under the leadership of Bilaall Abdullah. When instructed to order the army to stop firing on the Red House (the seat of Parliament where they were held hostage) Robinson instead instructed them to 'Attack with full force', an action which earned him a severe beating from his captors. He was also shot in his leg.

In 1989, during the 44th Session of the UN General Assembly, he proposed the creation of a permanent international court to deal with the transnational drug trade. This eventually led to the inauguration of the International Criminal Court in 2002, commissioned to hear cases of crimes against humanity. He has received many honors for this achievement.

External links

* [http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Biography/bio_ANR_ROBINSON.html A.N.R. Robinson's government biography]