- Intel 8048
The Intel 8048
microcontroller (µC) (MCS-48), Intel's first microcontroller, was used in theMagnavox Odyssey² video game console , theRoland Jupiter-4 andRoland ProMars analog synthesizer s, and (in its 8042 variant) in the originalIBM PC keyboard . The 8048 is probably the most prominent member of Intel's MCS-48 family of microcontrollers. It was inspired by, and is somewhat similar to, theFairchild F8 microprocessor .The 8048 has a
Modified Harvard architecture , with internal or external program ROM and 64–256 bytes of internal (on-chip) RAM. The I/O is mapped into its ownaddress space , separate from programs and data. Though the 8048 was eventually replaced by the very popularIntel 8051 /8031, even at the turn of the millennium it remains quite popular, due to its low cost, wide availability, memory efficient one-byte instruction set, and mature development tools. Because of this it is much used in high-volume consumer electronics devices such as TV sets, TV remotes, toys, and other gadgets where cost-cutting is essential.The 8049 has 2 KiB of masked ROM (the
8748 and8749 hadEPROM ) that can be replaced with a 4 KiB external ROM, as well as 128byte s of RAM and 27I/O ports. The µC'soscillator block divides the incoming clock into 15 internal phases, thus with its 11 MHz max. crystal one gets 0.73 MIPS (of one-clock instructions). Some instructions are single byte/cycle ones, but a large amount of opcodes need two cycles and/or two bytes, so the raw performance would be closer to 0.5 MIPS.Reportedly, most if not all
IBM PC AT and PS/2 keyboards contain a variant of the 8049AH microcontroller. An 8042 is located in the PC, and can be accessed through port 0x60 and 0x64 (PII+ PCs have it built into thechipset Super I/O ). Also 8042 controlsA20 line and "soft boot" to switchIntel 80286 from protected to real mode.Another variant, the ROM-less 8035, was used in
Nintendo 's arcade game Donkey Kong. Although not being a typical application for a microcontroller, its purpose was to generate the background music of the game.ee also
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Intel 8051 External links
* [http://home.mnet-online.de/al/mcs-48/mcs-48.pdf MCS-48 family architecture] (PDF)
* [http://coprolite.com/8048.html Coprolite 8048 Projects]
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